Understanding-public-policy-理解公共政策(英文版带翻译)

----------------------------

Understanding public policy

《理解公共政策》

（朱青整理）

chapter

Ⅰ

Policy analysis

P1

i.

ii.

Definition of policy

公共政策定义

Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.

公共政策就是政府选择做与选择不做的事情；

Public

policies

may

regulate

behavior,

organize

bureaucracies,

distribute

benefits, or extract taxes-or all things at once.

公共政策涉及调节个体行为 、

构建官僚体系、

分配利益、

征税、< /p>

或者同事完成这些事务。

P1-2

?

Policy expansion

→政策扩张

?

Government growth

→政府扩大

?

The new deal programs devised

→罗斯福新政

?

The great depression

→大萧条

?

The national economy

→国民经济

?

The great society programs

→大社会计划

?

Economic downturn

→经济滑坡

?

Regulatory activity

→管制活动

P3

图示指标

What the Federal Government Does

联邦政府职能

?

Defense

——国防

?

Social security and Medicare

——

社会保障和医疗保险

?

Interest on the national debt

——

国债的利息

?

Health

——

卫生保健

?

Welfare

——社会福利

?

Transportation

——

交通运输

?

Education

——

教育

?

Natural resources and environment

——

自然资源和环境

?

Law enforcement

——执法

?

Veterans

——

退伍军人

?

All other

——其他

What state and local government do

州和地方政府职能

?

Education

——教育

?

Welfare

——

社会福利

精选资料

----------------------------

?

Health and hospitals

——

保健和医疗

?

Highways

——

高速公路

?

Police and fire

——

治安和消防

?

Sanitation

——

卫生

?

Prisons

——

监狱

?

Natural resources and environment

——

自然资源和环境

?

All other

——

其他

P4

?

Dependent variables

→

因变量

?

The independent variables

→自变量

?

Determinants

→

决定性因素

?

Policy evaluation

→

政策评估

P6

The difference between policy analysis and policy advocacy

政策分析与政策倡议的差别

i.

Policy advocacy requires the

skills of rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and activism.

政策倡议需要修辞、说服、组织与实践的技巧；

ii.

Policy analysis encourages

scholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of

systematic inquiry.

政策分析则鼓励学者运用系统研究的工具来探讨重要的政策问题。

Translation

→

policy analysis involves

政策分析内容

i.

A primary concern with

explanation rather than prescription.

政策分析主要关注的是政策的解释说明而不是提出政策建议；

ii.

A rigorous search for the

causes and consequences of public policies.

政策分析探索公共政策的原因和结果；

iii.

An effort to develop and test

general propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy

and to accumulate reliable research findings of general relevance.

< br>政策分析还试图发展并检验关于公共政策因果的一般性命题，

以及积累具有普遍意

义的、可靠的研究成果。

P7-8

The limitations of policy analysis

公共政策的局限性

?

Limits on government power

——

政府权力的有限性

精选资料

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?

Disagreement over the problem

——

社会问题认定上的分歧

?

Subjectivity in interpretation

——

政策解释的主观性

?

Limitations on design of human research

——

人类研究设计的局限性

?

Complexity of human behavior

——

人类行为的复杂性

Translation

→

Understanding

public

policy

is

both

an

art

and

a

craft.

It

is

an

art

because

it

requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and

describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and them in

finding out whether these policies end up making things better or worse.

说它是一门艺术，是因为在社 会问题确认、社

会问题描述、政策方案设计和政策效果评估时，需要有洞察力、创造力和 想象力。

Chapter 2

Models of politics

P11

Definition of models for policy analysis

政策分析模型的定义

A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of some aspect of the real

world.

模型是对现实世界某个方面进行简化的表现形式。

?

Conceptual models/word models

概念性的模型

?

Actual physical representation

真实物质表型形式

Uses of models

模型的运用

i.

Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy

简化并澄清我们对政治和公共政策的思考

ii.

Identify important aspects of policy problems

识别政策问题的重要方面

iii.

Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features

of political life

通过关注政治生活的主要特征，促进我们相互之间的沟通

iv.

Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is

important and what is unimportant

指导我们更好地理解公共政策，鉴别重要与不重要的方面

v.

Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences

解释公共政策并预测其结果

Selected policy models

?

Institutional model

（制度主义模型）

?

Process model

（过程模型）

?

Rational model

（理性主义模型）

精选资料

----------------------------

?

Incremental model

（渐进主义模型）

?

Group model

（团体理论模型）

?

Elite model

（精英模型）

?

Public choice model

（公共选择模型）

?

Game theory model

（博弈论模型）

P14

The policy process

政策过程

Problem

identification

[

问题确认

]

——

The

identification

of

policy

problems

through demand from individuals and groups for government action.

ii.

Agenda setting

[

议程设定

]

——

Focusing the attention of the mass media and

public officials on specific public problems to decide what will be decided.

iii.

Policy

formulation

[

政策形成

]

——

The

development

of

policy

proposals

by

interest

groups,

White

House

staff,

congressional

committees,

and

think

tanks.

iv.

Policy

legitimating

[

政策合法化

]

——

The

selection

and

enactment

of

polices

through actions by Congress, the president, and the courts.

v.

Policy implementation

[

政策执行

]

——

The implementation of policies through

government

bureaucracies,

public

expenditures,

regulations,

and

other

activities of executive agencies.

vi.

Policy

evaluation

[

政策评估

]

——

The

evaluation

of

policies

by

government

agencies themselves, outside consultants, the media, and the general public.

?

问题确认

通过公民对政府行为的要求来确认政策问题；

?

议程设定

特定的公共问题引起媒体和政府官员的关注，促使其被提上政 策议程；

?

政策形成

由利益集团、白宫官员、国会议员和智囊团提出政策建议；

?

政策合法化

通过国会、总统和法院的政治活动，选择并制定政策；

?

政策执行

通过官僚组织、公共支出、行政机构的活动来推动政策实施；

?

政策评估

由政府机构本身，

政策外部的顾问、

咨询人员，

媒体和公众等来评价政策实

施的结果。

P15

To select a rational policy, policymakers must

决策者如何选择合乎理性的政策

i.

Know all the society

’

s value preferences and their relative weights,

ii.

Know all the policy alternatives available,

iii.

Know all the consequences of each policy alternative,

iv.

Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for each policy alternative, and

v.

Select the most efficient policy alternative.

?

了解所有的社会价值偏好及其相对权重；

?

了解可以获得的所有备选方案；

?

知道每一备选方案的所有结果；

?

计算每一备选方案的收益与成本之比；

?

选择其中最有效的政策方案；

P18-19

i.

精选资料