-
英语作文写作及翻译老师笔记（四六级考试）
1.
据世界卫生组织估计，仅在
2012
年就有超过七百万人直接死于空气污染，而这些污染大
部分由燃烧化石燃料造成。
考虑到核能不产生排放物，
要是它能够被广泛使用以代替煤炭和
天然气，那么成百万人的寿命就能大幅延长。
The World Health Organisation estimates
that more than 7 million people died
as
a direct result
of
（
1.
作为
……
的直接结果）
air pollution in 2012 alone, with much of that
pollution coming from
the burning of
fossil fuels. Given that nuclear power produces no
emissions, were it widely
adopted
in place of
< br>（
2.
代替）
coal and
gas millions of lives could be significantly
prolonged
（
3.
延长）
.
1- as a direct result
of
词典释义：
result
[r
< br>?
'z
?
lt]
noun
BECAUSE OF
因为
ESSENTIAL
countable
or
only
singular
■
something that happens or
exists because of something
else
结果；后
果
?
The road has been widened,
but
the
result
is
just more traffic.
道路被
拓宽，但结果车
流量却更大了。
?
His
broken leg is
the
direct
result
of
his own
carelessness.
他自己
的粗心大意直接导致他摔断
了腿。
?
I tried to
repaint the kitchen walls
with
disastrous
results.
我试图重
新粉刷一下厨房的墙，结果却弄得一塌糊涂。
?
To ensure
good/the best
results, use
Italian tomatoes and fresh basil.
为了保证做好
后口味好／最佳，要用义大利番茄和新鲜的罗勒。
as a
result of sth
IMPROVER
■
because of something
因为…；由于…
?
Profits have declined as a
result
of the recent
drop in sales.
由于
最近销售量滑坡，利润下降了。
外刊例句：
As a direct
result of
this, critics
say, the number of women who die as a
result of botched, amateur terminations
goes up.
（
）
批评者认为，这直接导致了更多妇女因为糟糕的业余堕胎手术而死亡。
2- in place
of
词典释义：
in place of
sb/sth
■
instead of someone
or something
代替，取代
?
You can use margarine in
place
of butter
in
some recipes.
有些食谱里，
你可以用人造牛油代替牛油。
in place of in
something
’
s place
phrase
instead
of something or
someone
The idea was to abandon the
communist model, and create
a
market economy in its
place.
In place of
ordinary light bulbs, you could use
fluorescent
lamps.
外刊例句：
Neil
Robertson, the world champion, came from 2-0 down
with
breaks of
68, 101 and 80 to beat Mark Williams,
twice world champion, 3-2 and
will
wake up tomorrow as the
new world No1, a rolling system having
been
adopted
in place of
a single
revision at the end of
each
season.
（
）
世界冠军尼尔·罗伯森在落后两盘的情况下，以
68
< br>、
101
和
80
直落三盘以
3
：
2
比
分逆转两届世界冠军马克
.
威廉姆斯，而他明天起来就会成为新的世界排名第一。新
的滚动更新排名系统已替代
了以前每赛季末才更新一次的旧系统。
替换表达：
to replace
/ instead of / take the place of / be a substitute
for
3- be prolonged
词典释义：
prolong
UK
[pr
?
'l
??
]
US
[-'l
ɑ
:
?
]
verb
transitive
■
to make something last a
longer time
延长，拖延
?
We were having such a good
time that we decided to
prolong our
stay by
another
week.
我们过得非常愉快，决定再多待一个星期。
?
She
chewed
each
delicious
mouthful
as
slowly
as
she
could,
prolonging
the
pleasure.
她细嚼慢
咽，尽情地享受每一口美食。
外刊例句：
By failing
to come together to denounce Mr Mugabe
unequivocally,
they have not
only
prolonged
Zimbabwe's agony; they have damaged
the whole of southern Africa, both
materially and in terms of
Africa's
reputation.
（
）
他们未能齐心合力公开检举马伽比，这将不仅使津巴布韦人民承受更长久的痛苦，
还将给整个非洲南部地区带来物质上的和名誉上的损害。
替换表达：
be
lengthened/extended
Q
：后半句的假设也可以不用虚拟语气？感觉并不是完全不可能实现啊。
A
：
核能被大范围使用以代替煤和
石油从目前来看还是一个不太可能实现的目标，
这
里用虚拟语气
比较好一点。
< br>Q
：
请问
people
died directly of air pollution, most of
which came from the
burning of fossil
fuels,
请问这样用非限制定从写能不能？
most of which
表示
“
这
些污染大部分”的意思？
A
：可以，这样写没问题，句子改写得不错！
Were it widely adopted in place of coal
and gas millions of
lives
could be
significantly
prolonged.
[
分析
]
本句的主干部
分为
millions of lives
could be significantly prolonged
，
这
是一个被动结构。句首是一个倒装结构，是一个条
件状语从句，在省略连词
if
的非
真实
条件句中需要使用倒装结构，即将一些助动词如
had
、
should
和
be
的虚假式
were
放在句首。
2.
核电
站产生的能源让其他清洁能源相形见绌，而且它持久可靠。考虑到这一点，核能是替
代化
石能源以及满足我们能源需求的热门选择，尽管公众的反对仍会成为主要阻碍。
The energy produced by nuclear
plants
dwarfs
（
1.
让
……
相形见
绌）
other clean energy sources,
and it is a constant and reliable
supply.
With this in mind
（
2.
考虑到这一点）
, nuclear
power
is
the prime candidate
for
（
3.……
的热门选择）
replacing fossil fuels and
meeting our energy
needs, although
public opposition will continue to be
a
major obstacle
（
4.
主要障碍）
.
1- dwarf
词典释义：
dwarf
●●○○○
动词
<
/p>
使显得矮小
;
使相形见绌
If one person or
thing
is
dwarfed
by another, the second is so much
bigger than the first that
it
makes them look very small.
【语法信息】：
be V-ed
【语法信息】：
V n
?
His figure is
dwarf
ed by the huge red
McDonald's sign...
在巨大的红色麦
当劳标
志牌下，他显得很矮小。
?
The US air travel market
dwarf
s that of Britain.
与美国航空旅行市场比起
来，英国的航空旅行市场相形见绌。
外刊例句：
But an
analysis of the first 1,000 investors to complain
to
Brooklands
Securities - a broker firm which moved
into the firm's offices and
bought
some of its assets -
shows the FSCS could pay out as much as
?300m
to
the
9,000 clients of the high-pressure sales outfit,
which went
into
liquidation last summer. This will
dwarf
other
FSCS single company
payouts.
（
）
但通过分析那最早的
1000
名抱怨
Brooklands Securities
公司（一家赎买了自身财
产的经纪人事务所）
的投资者发现，
金
融服务补偿计划可以给
9000
名该高压销售公
司的顾客发放
3
亿英镑补偿，而这家公司已于去年夏天
宣告破产。这笔补偿远比任
何一笔单个公司提供的
FSCS
补偿都要高。
替换表达：
overshadow / eclipse /
outshine/ put
…
in the shade
2-
with this in mind
词典释义：
with this
in
mind
短语
以…为目标
(
或理由、基础
);
考虑到
If you do
something
with
a particular
thing
in
mind
,
you do it with that thing
as your aim
or as
the reason or basis for your
action.
【搭配模式】：
PHR after v
?
These
families
need
support.
With
this
in
mind
a
group
of
35
specialists
met last weekend
.
这些家庭需要帮助。为此
35
位专家
组成的小组上周末会面进行
了商谈。
外刊例句：
With this in mind
, the Oak
Ridge
National Laboratory
in Tennessee
planned to host a weekly
“
Southern Accent
Reduction
”
class, inviting
prospective
participants to
“
be
remembered for
what you
say, not how
you say
it
”
.
（
）
位于田纳西州的橡树岭国家实验室考虑到这一点后，
计划举办名为
“弱化南部口音”
的周课，帮助参与者“让别人注意他们说了什么而
非他们的说话方式。”
替换表达：
considering
this
3- the prime
candidate for
词典释义：
3.
be
a
prime
candidate
/
target
(for
sth)
to
be
the
person
or
thing
that
is
most
suitable
or
most
likely
to
be
chosen
for
a
particular
purpose
是（某
事物）的首选目
标
:
?
The school is
a
prime candidate for
closure.
这所学校最有可能关闭。
?
Old people are a
prime target for
thieves.
老年人是窃贼的首选目标。
prime
[pra
?
m]
adjective
[before
noun]
IMPROVER
■
main or most important
首要的，主要的；基本的
?
This is a
prime
example
of
1930s
architecture.
这是
20
世纪
30
年代建
筑风格的一个重要范例。
?
the
prime
suspect in a murder
investigation
谋杀案调查中的主要嫌疑犯
?
a
prime
source of
evidence
证据的主要来源
?
The president is a
prime
(= likely)
target
for the
assassin's
bullet.
总统是这名刺客的主要
目标。
外刊例句：
At its most
far-reaching, life that evolved in the lake
from the simple
organisms that drained into it millions
of years ago could
show us
what
we might find in the watery depths
predicted to lie beneath the
icy crust
of Europa, one of
Jupiter's moons and
the prime candidate
for
finding life
on another
world.
（
）
在其最深处，生命从那数百万年来吮吸湖中营养的简单有机物进化而来，这让我们
明白：我们将可能在位于“欧洲”冰面地壳地下的水中找到什么。这是木星的众多
卫星之一，也是探索其他世界生物的首要选择之一。
学生错误表达：
（
1
）
hot pick
点评：没有
hot
pick
这一用法，这里应该改为
the prime
candidate for
4- a major
obstacle
词典释义：
obstacle
UK
['
?
?
.k
l
]
US
['
ɑ
:b-]
noun
countable
■
something
that
blocks
you
so
that
movement,
going
forward
or
action
are prevented or
made more difficult
障碍；阻碍；妨碍
?
The biggest
obstacle
in our way was a
tree trunk in
the road.
我们路
上最大的障碍是横在路上的一棵树。
?
This
decision
has
removed
the
last
obstacle
to
the
hostages' <
/p>
release.
这个决定清除了释放人质的最后障碍。
外刊例句：
But even
some veteran observers hope the IRA's unexpected
offer on
May
6th to open arms dumps to foreign inspectors has
removed
the
last
major
obstacle
to progress.
（
）
但即使是极富经验的观察者也希望，随着爱尔兰共和军于五月六日对外国检查人员
公共其隐藏军火库，和平进程的最后阻碍能随之而消去。
替换表达：
the main stumbling
block (to sth) / the main impediment (to sth)
/
a major
hindrance
学生错误表达：
（
1
）
main
obstruction
点评：
ob
struction
通常指指对生意、法律或政府的阻挠，妨碍，例如：
Mr Guest
refused to let them in and
now faces a criminal charge of
obstruction.
格
斯特先
生因为将他们拒之门外，现在面临妨碍公务的刑事指控。
Obstruction
用在
该语境中不合适。
3.
在
过去的大约一个世纪中，
全球人类的生活水平大幅度提高。
然而
，
当今全球性的污染比以
往任何时候都严重，环保组织在持续表
达对于我们周围的自然环境遭受破坏程度的忧虑。
Over
the past century or so there has been an enormous
improvement in living standards across
the globe. However, worldwide pollution
today is more serious than it has ever been
and
environmental groups
（
1.
环境保护组织）
continue to express
dismay
（
2.
忧虑）
at the level
of damage done
to our
natural surroundings
（
3.
周围的自然环境）
.
1-
environmental groups