-
连接词
分类
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连词(
5
个)
:
that
(宾语从句或表语从句中
有时可以省略)
whether,if
< br>(均表示
“
是否
”
表明从句内容的不确定性)
as if ,as
though
(均表示
“
好像
”
,
“
似乎
”
)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接
代词
(
10
个
)
:
what, whatever, who,
whoever, whom, whomever, whose,
whosever, which, whichever
连
接副词
(
7
个)
:
when, where, how, why, whenever,
wherever, however
不可省略的连词
:
1.
介词后的连词。
2.
引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had
won.
3.
在从句中做成分的连词
.
比较
whether
与
if
均为
是否
< br>的意思。
但在下列情况下,只可用
whether
:
1.
whether
引导主语从句并在句首。
eg:Whether he can come to the party on
time depends on the traffic.
2.
引导表语从句。
eg:The
question is whether we can get in touch with her.
3.
whether
从句作介词宾语。
eg:I am thinking about whether I should
quit my present job.
与
whether
都可以与
or not
连用,但后面紧跟
or not
时只
能用
whether
。
We didn't know whether or not she was r
eady.
(此时只能用
whether
)
I wonder whether/if the
news is true or
not.
(此时则二者都可以用)
5.
引导主语从句。
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用
it
充当
形式主语
。
p>
It is not important who will
go.
It is still unknown which team will
win the match.
6.
引导同位语从句
2
分类
主语从句
主语从句
通常由下列词引导:
1
)
从属连词
tha
t
,
whether,if
等;
2
)
连接代词
p>
what
,
who
,
which
,
whatever
p>
,
whoever
,
whom
等;
3)
连接副词
how
,
whe
n
,
where
,
why
等。
that
在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词都在句中既保留自己的疑问
< br>含义、
又起连接作用,
在从句中充当主语的成分。
注:
whom
、
wh
o
指人,
what
指物,
whatever
,
whoever
表示泛指意义。例如:
What he wants
to tell us is not clear.
他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still
unknown.
谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a
writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held
has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在
哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语
it
< br>代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把
主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动
词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(
1
)
It
be+
名词
+
that
从句
It's a
great pity
(
that
)<
/p>
they didn't get married.
他们没能结婚,真是令人惋惜。
It
's a good thing
(
that
< br>)
you were insured.
你保了险,这可是件好事。
(
2
)
It
be +
形容词
+
that
从句
It's
splendid that you passed your exam.
你通过考试了,真棒。
It's
strange that there are no lights on.
真奇怪,没有一盏灯是开着的。
(
3
)
It
be +
动词的过去
分词
+
主语从句
It's said
that he has been there many times.
据说他去过那儿很多次。
(
4
)
It
+
不及物动词
+ that
从句
[1]
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要
用<
/p>
虚拟语气
“(should)
+do”
,常用的句型有:
It
is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.)
that …
It is suggested
(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)
that…
(5) it
seems/happens+that
从句
众所周知的几种表达方式
(
1
)
It
is known to us that.
(
2
)
As
is known to us.
(
3
)
what is known to us is that.
it
引导的强调句结构:
It is/
was+
被强调部分
+that/who+
句子其它部分。
eg:My father did
the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语:
It was my father who
did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语:
It was the experiment
my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间:
It was yesterday
evening that my father did the experiment in the
lab.(
注
意不用
when)
强调地点:
It was in the lab that
my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
宾语从句
名词从句用作宾语的从句叫
宾语从句
。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从
句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及
非谓语动词
p>
的宾语。
1.
由连接词
that
引导的宾语从句。
由连接词
that
引导宾语从句时,<
/p>
that
在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体
中常被省去,但如果从句是并列句时
,
第二个分
句前的
that
不可省。
He has told me that he will go to
Shanghai tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We
must never think (that) we are good in everything
while others are good in
nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:
在
demand
、
order
、
suggest
、
decide
、
in
sist, desire, request, command, doubt
等表
示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用
“
(
should
)
+
动词原形
”
。
I insist that she (should) do her work
alone.
我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops
(should) set off at once.
司令员命令部队马上出
发。
2.
用
who
,
whom, which, whose, what, when,
where, why, how, whoever, whatever,
whi
chever
等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序
。
I want to know what he has
told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work
well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm
support.
凡需要帮助的人,
她都会给予热情
的支持。
3.
可运用
it
做形式宾语。
< br>①
.
动词
make, find
,think,feel,consider,believe
等后面有宾语补足语的时
候,
则需要用
it
做形式宾语,而将<
/p>
that
宾语从句后置,结构:
S.+v
t+it+adj./n.+oc(
宾语补足语
)
。
I think it necessary
that we take plenty of hot water every day.
我认为每天多喝开水是
有必要的。
I feel it a pity that I haven't been to
the get-
together.
我没去聚餐,感觉非常遗憾。
②
.
有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加
it
,这类动词主要是:
hate,t
ake,owe,have,see to
I hate it when they
with their mouths full of
food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
We take it that you will agree with
us.
我们认为你会同意我们的。
He will have it that our plan is really
pratical.
他认为我们的计划确实可行。
4.
用
whether
或
if
引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持
陈述句
语序。此外,
whether
与
if
在作
“
是否
”
的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用
whether
,不用
if
:
p>
①
whether
引导主语从句在句首时;
Whether there
is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个
有趣的问题。
Whether he can come to the party on
time depends on the traffic.
他能否准时参加派
对得看交通情况。
②宾语从句放在句首表示
强调时,只能用
whether
;
Whether this is true or not, I really
don't know.
这是否真实,我也不知道。
③引导表语从句,只能用
whether
;
p>
The question is whether we
can get in touch with
her.
问题是我们是否能联系上她。
④引导介词宾语时
,
只能用
whet
her
;
His father
is worried about whether he lose his work.
< br>他的父亲担心他是否会失去工
作。
I'm thinking about whether I should
quit my present
job.
我正在考虑我是否应该辞去现
在的工作。
Everything
depends on whether we have enough money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的
钱。
⑤
if
与
whether
都可以与
or
not
连用,但后面紧跟着
or not
时只能用
whether
;
We didn't know whether or not she was r
eady.
(此时只能用
whether
)
I wonder whether/if the
news is true or
not.
(此时则二者都可以用)
⑥
后接
动词不定式
时,用
whether
;
Can you tell me
whether to go or to stay?
你能否告诉我是去还是留?
I
can't decide whether to
stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
⑦
用
if
会引起歧义时,只用
wheth
er
;
Could you
tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种
意思:
“
你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?
”
或
“
如果你知道答案,请告诉我,<
/p>
好吗?
”
。如用
whether
可避免歧义
.
⑧
p>
whether
可引导同位语从句,
if<
/p>
不能引导同位语从句。
The
question whether we should call in a specialist
was answered by the family
doctor.
我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
5.
注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现
在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,
而使用不同时态。
I know (that) he studies English every
day.
(从句用
一般现在时
)
p>
I know (that) he studied
English last term.
(从句用
一般过去时
)
I know (that)
he will study English next year.
(从句用
p>
一般将来时
)
I
know (that) he has studied English since 1998.
(从句用
现在完成时
)
当主句动词是过去时态(
could, would
除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般
过去时,过去进行时,过
去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则
从句仍用现
在时态。
The
teacher told us that Tom had left us for
America
.
All of
us know that the moon moves round the earth.
6. think, believe, imagine, suppose
等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,
要把上述主句
中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。
We don’t
think you are here.
我们认为你不在这。
I don’t
believe he will do so.
我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在复合句中,位于
系动词
之后作表语的从句叫
表语从句
。引导表语从句的关联词与引
导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于
系动词后,有时用
as if
引导。
其基本结构为:主语
+
联系动词
+
that
从句
引导表语从句,无词义,只起连接作用,不可省。
2.
联系动词可为
be,look,seem,s
ound,appear
等。
3.<
/p>
主语可为名词
fact,truth,cause,questi
on,explanation,trouble,assumption,belief
等,
代词
this,that,these,it
等。
The fact is that we
have lost the game.
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want.
这正是我想要的。
This is
where our problem lies.
这就是我们的问题所在。
That
is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It
looks as if it is going to rain.
看上去天要下雨了。
Raw
material is what we are badly in need
of.
原材料是我们所急需的。
China is not what it used to
be.
中国已不是过去的中国了。
【注意】
1.
当主语是
reason
时,表语从句要用
that
引导而不是
because
。
The reason why he was
late was that he missed the train by one minute
this
morning.
r
可引
导表语从句,但与之同义的
if
却通常不用于引导表语从句。<
/p>
is why…
译为
“
这就是
……
的原因
/
因此
”
。
其中
why
引导的名词
性从句在句中做表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说过的原因
进行总结。
That is why you see this woman
before you know.
这就是现在这位女士出现在你面前
< br>的原因。
That is why I
came.
这就是我来的原因。
区别:①
That is why
……
与
That is the reason why …<
/p>
同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,
前者中的
why
引导表语从句,后者中的
why
引导定语从句。
That is (the reason
) why I cannot
agree.
这就是我不能同意的理由。
②
That is because …
句型中从属连词
because
引导的名词性从句在此做表语
,
意为
“
这
就
是为什么
……/
因为
……”
。
That is because
…
指原因或理由。
That is
why …
指由于各种原因所造成的后果。
He didn not see the film last night.
That is because he had to help his little sister
with
her homework.
昨晚他没有去看电影,
那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明
结果,第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before.
That is why he did not see it last night.
他以前曾看过那
部电影,因此他昨晚没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明
结果)
同位语从句
同位语从句
说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由
< br>that
引导,可用于同位
语从句的名词有
advice
、
demand
、
doubt
、
fact
、
hope
、
idea<
/p>
、
information
、
message
、
news
、
order
、
problem
p>
、
promise
、
question
、
request
、
suggestion
、
truth
、
wish
、
word
等。例如:
The
news that we won the game is exciting.
我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back
home.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had
probably fallen ill.
他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句
和
定语从句
的区别:
that
作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时
可以省略;
that
引导同位语从句
时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句
:
I had
no idea that you were here
.(
that
引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea
(
that
)
this book gives
you of life in ancient Greece
?(
< br>that
引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
名词性
that-
从句
(
1
)由从属连词
that
引导的从句叫做名词性
that-
从句。
That
只起连接主句和从句的
作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性
that-
从句在句中能充当主
语、
宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:
That she is still alive
is her luck.
她还活着全靠运气。
宾语:
John said that he was
leaving for London on Wednesday.
约翰说他星期三要
到伦敦去。
表语:
The fact is that he has
not been seen recently.
事实是近
来谁也没有见过他。
同位语:
The fact that he has not
been seen recently disturbs everyone in his
office.
近
来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:
I am glad that you are
satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2
p>
)
That-
从句作主语通常用
it
作先行词,而将
that-
< br>从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite
clear that the whole project is doomed to
failure.
很清楚,整个计划注定要
失败。
It's a pity that you should have to
leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
用
it
作形式主语的
that-
< br>从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It +
be +
形容词
+
that-
从句
It is
necessary that…
有必要
……
It is important that…
重要的是
……
It is obvious that…
很明显
……
b. It + be +
-ed
分词
+
that-
从句
It is
believed t
hat…
人们相信
……
It is known to all that…
众所周知
……
It has been decided that…
已决定
……
c. It + be +
名词
+
that-
从句
It is
common knowledge that…
……
是常识
It is a surprise that…
令人惊奇的是
……
It is a fact that…
事实是
……
d. It +
不及物动词
+
that-
从句
It
appears that…
似乎
……
It happens that…
碰巧
……
It occurred to me that…
我突然想起
……
名词性
wh-
从句
1
)由
wh-
词引导的名词
从句叫做名词性
wh-
从句。
Wh-<
/p>
词包括
who, whom,. whose,
whoever, what, whatever, which,
whichever
等连接代词和
where, when,
how, why
等
连接
副词
。
Wh-
从句的语法功能除了和
that-
从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接
< br>宾语等,例如:
主语:
How the book will sell depends on its
author.
书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:
In one's own home one
can do what one likes.
在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:
The club will give
whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语:
My question
is who will take over president of the
Foundation.
我的问题是
谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:
She will name him
whatever she wants to.
她高兴给他起什么名字就取
什么名字。
同位语:
I have no
idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:
I'm not sure why she
refused their invitation.
我尚
不能肯定她为什么拒
绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语:
That
depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2
)
Wh-
从句作主语也常用先行词
it
做形式主语,而将
wh-
从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet
decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It
remains unknown when they are going to get
married.
他们何时结婚依然不明。
if,
whether
引导的名词从句
1
)
yes-
no
型疑问从句
从属连词
if, whether
引导
的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也
分别被称为
< br>yes-no
型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,
其功能和
wh-
从句的功能相同,
例如:
主语:
Whether the plan is
feasible remains to be proved.
这一计划是否可行还有待
证实。
宾语:
Let us know whether / if
you can finish the article before
Friday.
请让我们知
道你是否
能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:
The point is whether we
should lend him the money.
问题在于我们是否应该
借钱给他。
同位语:
They are investigating
the question whether the man is
trustworthy.
他们调
查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语:
She's
doubtful whether we shall be able to
come.
她怀疑我们是否能
够前来。
介词宾语:
I worry
about whether he can pass through the crisis of
his illness.
我担
心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2
)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词
if/whether…or
或
whether…or
not
构成,例如:
Please
tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是
丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan
or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
if
和
whether
的区别
:
1
、
<
/p>
在
动词不定式
之前只能用
whether
。如:
例
8 I can’t decide whether to
stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
2
、
在
whether …… or not
的固定搭配中。如:
例
9 I want to know whether
it’s good news or not
.
我想知道是否是好消息。
3
、在介词后,只能用
whether
。如:<
/p>
例
10 His father is
worried about whether he lose his work .
他的父亲担心是否会失去
工作。
p>
4
、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用
whether
。如:
Whether this is true or not, I really
don’t know.
这是否真的,我真的不知道。
(例
11 Whether they can finish
the work on time is still a problem .
他
们是否能准时
完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出)
5
、用
if
会引起歧义时,只用
whether
。如:<
/p>
例
12 Could you
tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种
意思:
“
你能告诉
< br>我是否知道答案吗?
”
或
“
p>
如果你知
道答案,
请告
诉我,
好吗?
”
。如用
whether
可避免
歧义。
否定转移
1)
将
think, believe, suppose,
expect, fancy, imagine
等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转
移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的
谓语动词
用肯定式。
I don't think I
know you.
我想我并不认识你。
I don'
t believe he will come.
我相信他不回来。
注意:若谓语动词
为
hope,
宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
< br>
I hope you weren't ill.
我想你没有生病吧。
2)
将
seem, appear
等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It
doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It
doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day
tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3)
有时将
动名词
< br>,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such
a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。
(not
否定
动名词
短语
p>
having…)
It's not a place where anyone would
expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone
作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。
)
4)
有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for
itself alone.
(
否定状语
)
蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He
was not ready to believe something just because
Aristotle said so. (
否定
becaus
e
状语
)
他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks
when that man's younger brother saw her
and was struck by her
beauty.
(
否定状语
many
weeks)
她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人
的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。
3
高考相关
1. ___ is a fact that English is being
accepted as an international language. (NMET
1995)
A. There B. This C.
That D. It
答案
D
。当名
词从句在句中作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用
it
作
p>
形式主语
置于
句首,
而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时
it
只起先行引导作用,
本身无实义。此句也可以
改写为:
Th
at English is being accepted as an international
language is a fact.
2
.
A computer can
only do ____ you have instructed it to do
.(
NMET2001
)
A
.
how
B
.
after
C
.
what
D
.
when
答案
< br>C
。从句子结构可知,句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词,做主句谓语动<
/p>
词
do
的宾语,同时该连接词还是从句中
的
do
的宾语,因此,此处的连接词应该用
what
。
3. He
asked ____ for a violin
.(
MET
1992
)
A. did I
pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how
much did I pay D. how much I paid
答案:
p>
D
。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,句子语序要用陈述语序。
4. What the doctors really
doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the
serious
disease soon
.(上海
2001
年春季招生)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案
C
。这是一个表语从句。根据
< br>
doubt
一词可知,所怀疑的应是是否能治好病,所
以要填
whether
。这句话的意思
是
“
医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。
”
5
.
It is generally
considered unwise to give a child _____he or she
wants.
(NMET1997)
A. however
B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
答案
B
。
根据句意
“
一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。
”
< br>可以看出后面的从句应是
一个宾语从句,而从句中
wan
ts
缺少宾语,
A. however
和
D. whenever
是不能作宾
语的;
排除
A
和
D
,
whichever
表示
“
无论哪一个,无论哪些
”
< br>,应表示一定范围内的人或物,此处
没有涉及事物的范围,所以应选
B
.
whatever<
/p>
,表示
“
无论什么
”
。
6.
______leaves the room last ought to turn off the
lights. (MET1988)