TPO28阅读长难句

s surface

，

it

指代

the water table

。

译文：某些情况下，地下水位将到达地表，在那里它以河流、 湖泊或沼泽地的形式存在。

8. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table

，

leaving behind a thin coating of

water on mineral grains.

分析：

leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains

现在分词作状语，表结果。

译文：包气带中的水沉降到地下水 位，只有在矿物颗粒表面留下了一层水膜。

9.

Because

the

surface

of

the

water

table

is

not

flat

but

instead

rises

and

falls

with

topography

，

groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water.

分析：这句话是由

because

引导的原因状语从句，主句是

grou ndwater

is

affected

by

gravity

in

the

same

fashion as surface water

，被动语态。

译文：

因 为地下水位表面并非水平，

而是沿着地势起伏，

所以地下水和地 表水受到重力影响的模式是相同的。

10. If the water table intersects the land surface

，

groundwater will flow out onto the surface

at springs

，

whether to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage.

分析：这句话是由

if

引导的条件状语从句，主句是

groundwat er will flow out onto the surface at

sp rings....

；

whether to be collected there...

是对

groundwa ter

的解释说明。

译文：如果地下水位与地表相交，地下水将以喷泉的形式流出 地面，流出地面的地下水或就地聚集、或沿排

水通道流向更远的地方。

< br>

Passage 2

1.

As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where

it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid

plains.

分析：这句话是由

while

引导的时间状语从句，主 句是

the

southern

frontier

of

the

desert

was....;

其中

of where it is now

，

where it is now

是

of

的宾语，

of

后面的宾语本来是

it is now

子中就多了一个动词，英语中一个句子不能有多个动词， 所以

it

is

now

用

where

引导，变成宾语从句，

it

指代

前面的

the southern frontier;

同样地，

of what are now arid plains

中的

what are now arid pl ains

也是

of

的宾语

译文：在公元前

6000

年前，沙漠的南部边界在现在的南边以北很多的地方，那时 半干旱的草原和浅淡

水湖泊覆盖了现在是干旱平原的地方。

2.

The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of

higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants

and animals.

分析：

这句话的主干是

the

areas

were

susceptible

to

cycles

of

higher

and

lower

levels

of

rainfall

。

引导的是定语从句，修饰

the

areas;like

意为“像

......

”，表举例

;resulting

i n......

是现在分词作状

语，表结果。

< br>

译文：这些区域现在是沙 漠地区，像所有的干旱地区一样，对降雨量的变化周期极为敏感，结果导致其

动植物的分 布变化巨大且迅速。

3.

The people who hunted the sparse desert

animals responded

to drought

by managing

the wild

resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies

to survive.

分析：

who

引导的是定语从句，修饰

people;they hunted and gathered

这里是定语从句，省略了连接

词

that

，修饰的是

wild resources;which

引导 的是非限制性定语从句，修饰

wild oxen

。

译文：依靠捕捉稀少的沙漠动物的居民们对待干旱的方式是管 理他们所捕捉到的和收集到的野生资源，

尤其是需要可靠的水资源来维持生命的水牛。< /p>

4.

The

beasts

were

more

disciplined,

so

that

it

was

easier

for

hunters

to

predict

their

habits,

and capture animals at will.

分析：

so that

连接着句中的两 个部分，意为“以便、所以”，表结果，

it

是形式主语，真正 的主语是

for hunters to predict their and capture animals at will

。

译文：兽群变得更加自律了，所以 猎人在预测它们的习性和随意捕捉动物方面变得更容易了。

5.

Smith

believes

that

the

hunters

were

well

aware

of

the

more

disciplined

ways

in

which

their

prey behaved.

< /p>

分析：

这句话是由

that

引导的宾语从句，

从句中的

which

引导的是定语从句，

which

指代前文的

ways;be

aware of

是固定的短语，意为“知道、意识到”。

译文：

S mith

相信猎人对猎物更加自律的行为是了然于胸的。

6.

South

African

farmers

who

maintain

herds

of

wild

eland

(large

African

antelopes

with

short,

twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced

constantly from outside.

分析：这句话是由

unless

引导的条件状语从句，主句是

South African farmers who maintain..

，主

句又是

that

引导的宾语从句，其中

who

引导的是定语从句，修饰

South

African

farmers

，括 号里头的内容是对

wild eland

的解释说明，所以主句的主干是

South African farmers report that...

。

译文：牧养大羚羊

(

一种体型较大的非洲羚羊，角短且扭曲

)

的南非农民说 ，除非持续引进野生公牛，否

则野生大羚羊后代的体型将迅速变小。

7.

The

newly

domesticated

animals

behaved

better,

were

easier

to

control,

and

may

have

enjoyed

a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.

分析：

domesticated

过去分词作定语，修饰的是< /p>

animals

，

which