失语症相关词汇

失语症相关词汇

Abulia

`Reduction in speech, movement, thought, and emotional reaction; a common result of bilateral frontal lobe disease` (Medical

Search Engine, 2004).

Access Dysphasia

A

type

of

dysphasia

described

by

Warrington

and

McCarthy

(1987)

and

characterised

by

difficulty

retrieving

semantic

information from memory rather than by the loss of the underlying memory traces in any absolute sense. A difficulty in indexing

that which is still there.

Acquired Dyscalculia

A dyscalculia arising in a previously skilled (and thus usually adult) subject, as a result of brain injury or disease.

Acquired Dyslexia

A

dyslexia

arising

in

a

previously

skilled

(and

thus

usually

adult)

reader,

as

a

result

of

brain

injury

or

disease.

The

study

of

acquired dyslexia goes back to the age of the diagram makers, and clinical case studies have identified a number of subtypes,

notably deep dyslexia and surface dyslexia. Modern interest in this topic was sparked by Marshall and Newcombe (1966, 1973).

The

essence

of

both

classical

and

modern

explanations

is

that

normal

reading

ability

reflects

the

coordinated

simultaneous

functioning of a number of discrete cognitive processes

Acute Disorder

A disorder posing an immediate threat. E.g. acute appendicitis. [Compare chronic disorder.]

Aggressive Disorder

A disorder of rapid onset or progression. Some progressive disorders can be more aggressive than others.

Agnosia

Strictly speaking, a total failure of gnosis. A state of not knowing what something is, or is for, in a confrontational naming task.

[See now finger agnosia.]

Agrammatism

Defective

syntax

in

speech

(but

not,

curiously

enough,

in

automatic

speech).

A

frequent

sign

of

Broca's

aphasia.

[There

is

a

longer

discussion

of

agrammatism

in

Section

6.5

of

our

e-paper

on

`Speech

Errors,

Speech

Production

Models,

and

Speech

Pathology`.]

Alexia

Strictly speaking, a total inability to read the written word but with preserved visual perception of objects and pictures.

Alzheimer's Disease

[See

firstly

dementia;

also

known

as

dementia

of

Alzheimer's

type

(DA

T).]

Alzheimer's

disease

results

from

a

remorselessly

progressive loss of neural tissue at a microscopic level. Neurons are gradually replaced by non-excitable `plaques and tangles`

until eventually what first shows itself clinically as mild forgetfulness advances into a total breakdown of all cognitive functions.

Amnesia

The general term for a defect of long-term memory, be it neurogenic or psychogenic in origin. Neuropsychology deals mainly

with the amnesic syndrome and frontal amnesia.

Amnesic Syndrome

An amnesic state arising from a variety of causes, and characterised by a severe-to-total anterograde amnesia, accompanied by

some degree of retrograde amnesia and a package of non-amnesic symptoms and signs such as attention deficits, irritability, and

general

emotional

lability.

Short-term

memory,

curiously

enough,

is

intact

up

to

30

seconds

or

so,

and

general

intelligence

remains at the premorbid level. The syndrome is correlated anatomically with bilateral lesions of either the hippocampal regions

or the mammillary bodies.

Anarthria

Strictly speaking, a total inability to carry out a skilled muscle movement, or, in the context of communication, a total inability to

produce speech.

Aneurism

A

congenital

weakness in

an

artery

wall,

and therefore

a

likely

point

of

eventual

rupture

and haemorrhage.

Where

the

artery

concerned is a cerebral artery, this is a predisposing factor to a haemorrhagic CV

A.

Angular Gyrus

Gyrus

at

the

junction

of

the

parietal,

temporal,

and

occipital

lobes,

and

therefore

admirably

placed

to

support

simultaneous

interpretation

of

(respectively)

somaesthetic,

auditory,

and

visual

information.

[See

Brodmann's

Area

39

on

Kleist's

(1934)

cortical localisation map. See also Gerstmann's syndrome.]

Anomia

(1) A clinical sign readily discovered using a confrontational naming task. A naming disability very common in all the aphasias,

and one of the key factors in the aphasic's reduced communicative success. A difficulty in retrieving words from the lexicon (1),

although it is unclear whether this is due to damage to the lexicon itself, or to defective access to it. Nine different subtypes of

anomia were identified by Benson (1979), including category- specific anomia, modality-specific anomia, semantic anomia, word

production anomia, and word selection anomia. (2) A clinical syndrome. A type of aphasia (anomic aphasia) wherein anomia (1)

is the predominant presenting sign.

Anomic Aphasia

See anomia (2).

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus

This is the proportion of the cingulate gyrus which is located anterior to the corpus callosum, that is to say, at Brodmann's Area

#24 on the medial aspect of the Kleist (1934) brain map

Anterograde Amnesia

An

amnesia

which

acts

forwards

in

time

from

the

moment

of

insult,

and

which

is

therefore

characterised

by

a

difficulty

in

consolidating new experience, that is to say, patients can have experiences, but they cannot recall them more than a few seconds

after the event. They can therefore quite cheerfully have the same experiences over and over again without realising it.

Aphasia

Generic term for a wide variety of acquired neurogenic language disorders. An impairment to a greater or lesser extent of higher

cognitive

language

processing,

rather

than

of

the

more

peripheral

sensory

and

motor

systems.

Alternatively,

`a

multimodality

reduction in capacity to decode (interpret) and encode (formulate) meaningful linguistic elements` (Darley, Aronson, and Brown,

1975, pp1-2). In Wernicke's aphasia, for example, words are poorly understood, despite an intact auditory system. Aphasias are

conventionally divided into fluent and non-fluent types, and then into specific subtype syndromes.

Apraxia

Strictly speaking, a total inability to initiate voluntary motor movements, despite intact motor pathways.

Asperger's Disorder - Syndrome

See this entry in the companion glossary on `Self and Consciousness`.

Ataxia

An inability to coordinate skeletal muscular activity, leading to unsteadiness and defects of balance.

Ataxic Dysarthria

One of the six clinically distinct subtypes of dysarthria recognised by Darley, Aronson, and Brown (1975). [There is a longer

discussion of the subtypes of dysarthria in Section 6.8 of our e-paper on `Speech Errors, Speech Production Models, and Speech

Pathology`.]

Athetosis

[Greek = `without fixed position`] Term coined by Hammond (1871) to describe a state of continual motion (of hand, limb, etc.),

often slow and writhing.

Autism

This from Baron-Cohen (1989): `Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder

which begins in the first

36 months of life [].

Symptoms include deficits in the pragmatic [Psycholinguistics Glossary] aspects of language [], an absence of symbolic play [],

and the presence of ritualistic behaviour []. Autistic children also suffer a severe impairment in their ability to relate socially.`

Autism has been a popular area of study of late, because the aforementioned pragmatic deficits generated a popular cognitive

deficit

explanation.

As

formulated

initially

by

Baron-Cohen,

Leslie,

and

Frith

(1985),

this

explanation

asserts

that

all

the

categories of autistic symptom can be traced back ultimately to a specific underlying disorder of second order representation, also

referred to as an inability to form a theory of mind, or as mindblindness. As a result, autism studies are of as much interest to

philosophers, psycholinguists, and neurobiologists, as they are to paediatric clinicians.

Auto-Association

Hypothetically, auto-association is one of the basic properties of biological cell assemblies or computerised neural networks. The

process

detects

the

stable

patterns

in

incoming

stimulation,

and

creates

an

inter-associated

set

of

neurons

particular

to

each

`constant

form`

within that

stimulation.

The

resulting

`learned`

network

is

stable,

exhibits

part-to-whole

retrieval,

and

can be

further

developed

by

experience.

The

concept

is

invoked

in

the

distributed

memory

theory

of

Allport

(1985),

and

provides

a

potential micro-mechanism for the entire psychological phenomenon of abstraction.

Automatic Speech

Over-learned

and

familiar

phrases

such

as

cursing,

counting,

reciting,

and

rhyme.

Can

be

retained

in

Broca's

aphasia

and

dementia even when non- automatic speech is affected. Presumably initiated, therefore, in an area other than Broca's Area, and

possibly stored in the lexicon as single units despite being made up from individual words stored individually! [For an example,

see McCarthy and Warrington (1984).]

Ballism

[Greek ballein = `to throw`] A clinical sign. Uncontrolled flailing movements of arms or legs.

Benign

Of tumours, one which is not cancerous. [Compare malignant.]

Blindsight

The term describing any residual visual abilities following damage to either the geniculo-striate pathway and-or cortical area 17.

Such residual abilities are fairly rudimentary aspects of vision such as the automatic shifting of gaze towards a light, and their

effects are typically unconscious. [Further details and demonstration.]

Boston School

Doctrine of aphasiology which insists on mapping aphasic symptoms closely onto brain areas. [Compare globalist school.]

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

An

untreatable

progressive

encephalopathy

of

cattle,

characterised

by

a

fairly

aggressive

deterioration

of

brain

tissue,

and

probably due to the action of a prion, an abnormal protein. Also possibly transferrable to humans as Creutzfeld- Jacob disease.

Broca's Aphasia

A non-fluent aphasia characterised by

effortful and halting speech, reduced phrase length, prosodic disturbance, and awkward

articulation.

Frequently

shows

dyspraxia

of

speech,

long

voice

onset times,

agrammatism,

anomia

(1),

paraphasia, telegraphic

speech,

intrusive

vowels,

hesitations,

consonant

substitutions,

repetition

difficulties,

and

writing

difficulties.

Auditory

comprehension is relatively intact (unlike Wernicke's aphasia), as is the willingness to engage in spontaneous interaction (unlike

transcortical motor aphasia). Automatic speech is commonly spared. [See also Lichtheim's house.]

Broca's Area

The third frontal convolution of the left hemisphere, and the site of a classic Broca's aphasia. The area where Broca's patient,

Leborgne, had his lesion. Consists of Brodmann's Areas 44 and 45 [to see where these are on the cortical map, click here].

BSE

See bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Bulbar Palsy

Facial and/or pharyngeal palsy resulting from damage to medullary lower motor neurons. [Compare pseudobulbar palsy.]

Cancer

An abnormal and uncontrolled process of cell division leading to the formation of a life-threatening growth. Can be sub-typed

into carcinomas and sarcomas. Characterised by being able (a) to invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, and (b) to create

metastases.

Carcinoma

A cancer of epithelial tissue. [Compare sarcoma.]

Category-Specific Anomia

One of the nine clinically distinct subtypes of anomia (1) recognised by Benson (1979). A category-specific impairment in which

there is a naming defect for some classes of objects but not for others. Such impairments might be for colours or uses, or for fruit

and vegetables, or personal names, and are generally held to indicate some sort of categorical zoning of the lexicon (1).

Category-Specific Impairment

A

class

of

cognitive

impairment

where

the

severity

of

the

defect

(a)

depends in

large

part

upon the

semantic or

grammatical

nature of the test item, and (b) is common to other test items from the same semantic or grammatical category. Often presents as

a selective anomia or agnosia, and is commonly taken as reflecting the underlying organisation of the lexicon. For a brief review

of the history of this type of defect, see Warrington and Shallice (1984), and for a useful explanatory diagram, see Allport 1985.

Cell Assembly

A collection of interconnected-by- experience neurons capable of functioning as a physiological memory of that experience. [For

a fuller definition and useful onward links, see our Main Glossary (C).]

Cerebro-V

ascular Accident (CV

A)

Brain damage arising from an acute episode of cerebro- vascular disease, with associated physical and psychological symptoms.

`A

syndrome

characterised

by

rapidly

developing

clinical

symptoms

and/or

signs

of

focal

loss

of

cerebral

function,

in

which

symptoms last more than 24 hours [compare transient ischaemic attack]or lead to death, with no apparent cause other than that it

is of vascular origin` (Rudd and Wolfe,

2002/2004 online). Occurs in two basic forms, namely the thrombotic form, resulting

from a blood vessel blockage (perhaps as a result of an embolism or thrombosis), and the haemorrhagic form, resulting from a

blood vessel bleed (perhaps as a result of an aneurism) [see Rudd and Wolfe, op. cit., for a more detailed classification]. Given

the nature of the brain's blood supply, an infarct at one point will cause cell death [necrosis] at any point `upstream` which does

not have an alternative blood supply, and given the nature of cellular chemistry that necrosis can itself cause diaschisis.

Cerebro-V

ascular Disease

Deterioration

of

the

brain's

circulatory

system,

typically

as

the

result

of

a

progressive

disorder.

A

common

precursor

to

a

cerebro-vascular accident.

CHI

See closed head injury.

Chorea

[Greek choreia = `dance`] Poorly controlled skeletal movements, giving rise to irregular and involuntary lurching while walking,

as well as intermittent grimacing.

Chronic Disorder

A permanent or long-standing disorder which poses no immediate threat. E.g. chronic bronchitis. [Compare acute disorder.]

Circumlocution

Finding another way to say something when the word you really wanted to say is unavailable to the speech production process as

a result of anomia (1).

Closed Head Injury (CHI)

A class of traumatic head injury. A `blunt instrument` bang on the head, such as occurs in boxing, some road traffic accidents, and

many household or day-to-day blows to the head. Damages brain tissue indirectly, that is to say, by shaking it about. [See also

concussion, and compare penetrating head injury.]

Coma

A period of profound and prolonged unconsciousness following disease or injury.

Concussion

The clinical manifestation of the diaschisis, oedema, and other sequelae of a traumatic head injury; a period of raised intracranial

pressure due to same, which can itself threaten to do yet further damage.

Conduction Aphasia

A

fluent

aphasia

characterised

by

an

impairment

in

verbal

repetition

far

out

of

proportion

to

any

fluency

or

comprehension

deficits. The syndrome was predicted by Wernicke (1874) and confirmed by Lichtheim (1885). So named because although the

verbal

repetition

task

involves

both

comprehension

and

production

processes

at

the

same

time,

only

the

communication

link

between the two seems to be at fault. Symptoms include paraphasias and anomia (1) in a context of fluent melodic speech. V

oice

onset time, grammar, and comprehension are not impaired. Conduction aphasias are commonly attributed to lesions of the white

matter arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area. [See also Lichtheim's house.]

Confabulation

[See firstly frontal lobe syndrome and dysexecutive syndrome.] An attempt to explain present evidence to a present audience but

without a true recollection to go on [compare false recollection]. If the confabulation is in any way grandiose or unreasonable

then

it

is

termed

fantastic

confabulation,

but

if

it

is

reasonable-but-just-inaccurate

it

is

termed

momentary

confabulation

(McCarthy and Warrington, 1990). [There is a longer discussion of confabulation in Section 9 of our e-paper on `From Frontal

Lobe Syndrome to Dysexecutive Syndrome`.]

Confrontational Naming T

ask

A clinical assessment test requiring the patient to name objects by sight, sound, or touch, pictures by sight, and general sounds,

tastes, and smells as appropriate. By its nature, a good screening test for anomia (1). [See also cueing.]

Connectionism

The philosophical doctrine that cognition can be modelled (and therefore better understood) by connecting up artificial neurons,

either in fact, or in simulation on a computer, and the practical science thereof. [For a longer introduction to this topic,

see our

e-paper on `Connectionism`.]

Connectionist

One who practices connectionism.

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)

A progressive encephalopathy of humans, possibly a variant of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Crossed Aphasia

A right hemisphere aphasia. Occurs in 1-2% of all aphasias, and characterised by confusion, memory and attention defects, and

personality change (in addition to the usual language deficits). Agrammatism is common, but comprehension and naming tend to

be preserved.

Cueing

A way of helping patients if they are having difficulty with a confrontational naming task. Cueing involves prompting them in

some way, and the relative efficacy of different types of cues often reflects upon the organisation of the normal naming process.

[See now first letter cueing, phonemic cueing, semantic cueing, and silent articulatory cueing.]

CV

A

See cerebro-vascular accident.

Deep Dyslexia

A subtype of acquired dyslexia characterised primarily by difficulties at the word meaning level when reading aloud [compare

surface dyslexia]. Typical problems include (a) semantic paralexical confusions (e.g. reading `stamps` for `postage`), (b) relative

difficulty

with abstract nouns compared

to

concrete

nouns,

and

(c) poor

reading

of unfamiliar

words

or

non- words.

Coltheart

(1980) explains the paralexias by arguing that one of the right hemisphere's main jobs is to establish the `superordinate semantic

category` to which a printed word belongs. When a normal brain reads out loud, each stimulus word propagates firstly from the

visual cortex to Wernicke's area, and then from Wernicke's Area to Broca's area. At the same time, it propagates into the right

hemisphere

to

activate

the

appropriate

categorial

nodes in

the

broader

semantic network.

For

the

stimulus

word

STONE,

this

might be the node for [minerals

Dé

ja V

u

[French = `already seen`] An inappropriate perceptual quale (plural = qualia). The erroneous belief that you have seen something

or

been

somewhere

before,

when

factually

you

have

not.

This

is

a

truly

puzzling

symptom

because

it

challenges

the

most

fundamental

definitions

of

an

intact

memory.

William

James,

for

example,

defined

memory

as

being

accompanied

by

`the

additional consciousness that we have thought or experienced it before` (James, 1890, p648; italics original). In cases of dé

ja vu,

however, this additional consciousness exists when logically it should not.

Dementia

[Literally, to lose one's mind.] A generic term for a number of progressive medical conditions, all characterised by a gradual loss

of

perceptual,

memory,

and

higher

cognitive

functions.

The

best

known

dementia

is

Alzheimer's

disease,

but

see

also

multiple-infarct dementia and compare senile dementia.

Developmental Dyslexia

[See firstly NB1 above.] A dyslexia arising in someone learning to read (and thus usually pre-adult), possibly as a result of brain

injury or disease. The study of developmental dyslexia goes back to the late 19th century, when Pringle-Morgan (1896) reported

it

in the case

of

Percy,

a

14-year- old

boy. Modern interest

in this

topic

was

sparked by

the

sustained

controversy

over

recent

decades over poor national literacy levels, and the failure of a parade of educational initiatives to improve matters. [There is a

longer introduction to this subject in our e-paper on `Dyslexia and the Cognitive Science of Reading and Writing`.]

Developmental V

erbal Dyspraxia

[See firstly NB1 above.] The developmental form of dyspraxia of speech.

Diagram Makers

School

of

nineteenth

century

aphasiologists

who

argued

strongly

for

the

precise

localisation

of

language

functions.

Typically

Wernicke (1874) and Lichtheim (1885). Lichtheim's house is a good example of the diagrams drawn by the diagram makers.

Diaschisis

Neural shock, that is to say, the temporary suppression of response in healthy neural tissue close to the site of an actual lesion.

Typically, this will be due to swelling at, or chemical contamination from, the primary site. Either way, it results in behavioural

deficits greater than would otherwise be expected, but in respect of which some degree of spontaneous recovery may confidently

be expected.

Disconnection Syndrome

A neurogenic disorder (of language or whatever) caused by subcortical (white matter) damage rather than by cortical (grey matter)

damage. This means that the separate modules of a distributed (i.e. `modular`) processing system can remain physically intact

within themselves, but lose their ability to interact meaningfully with each other, thus degrading the overall performance of the

system in question. Conduction aphasia is a typical disconnection syndrome. [Crosson (1985) gives some idea of the potential

complexity of the subcortical pathways linking related cortical areas, if interested.]

Disease

`A disorder with a specific cause and recognisable signs and symptoms; any bodily abnormality or failure to function properly,

except that resulting directly from physical injury` (Oxford Dictionary for Nurses).

Dissociation

See the more detailed coverage of this topic in the companion Mental Philosophy Glossary.

Dissociation (of Function)

The

selective

loss

of

a

particular

cognitive

ability

following

a

localised

brain

injury,

so

named

because

the

failing

ability

`dissociates`- that is to say, moves away - from the remaining intact abilities. One of the classic examples of a dissociation is the

disproportionate

damage

to

the

fluency

of

language

production

produced

by

lesions

in

Broca's

Area.

[See

now

double

dissociation.]

Double Dissociation

[See firstly dissociation.] Term coined by Bagshaw and Pribram (1965) and popularised by Warrington and Rabin (1970) to refer

to

two

in-some-way

complementary

dissociations.

The

classic

example

of

a

double

dissociation

is

that

between

the

sentence

production deficits found with lesions in Broca's Area and the sentence comprehension deficits subsequently found with lesions

in Wernicke's Area. The complementarity derives from the fact that the earlier discovery in some way directly invited the search

for the second.

Dysarthria

Strictly speaking, a less than total impairment of the ability to move a muscle group despite an otherwise adequate intention, or -

in the context of communication - an impaired inability to produce speech. In this latter respect, `a group of speech disorders

resulting

from

disturbances

in

muscular

control`

(Darley,

Aronson,

and

Brown,

1975,

pp1-2).

[Compare

anarthria.]

[See

separately

ataxic

dysarthria,

flaccid

dysarthria,

hyperkinetic

dysarthria,

hypokinetic

dysarthria,

mixed

dysarthria,

and

spastic

dysarthria.]

Dyscalculia

Strictly speaking, a less than total defect of number processing, with both acquired and developmental forms. [There is a longer

discussion of the brain's involvement in numeracy in our e-paper on `The Psychology of Numeracy`.]

Dyslexia

Strictly speaking, a less than total defect of written language processing, most conveniently dealt with under two major subtypes,

namely acquired dyslexia and developmental dyslexia.

Dysnomia

Avoid - use anomia instead.

Dysphasia

Strictly speaking, a less than total aphasia, but in practice a simple synonym for aphasia. [See NB2 above.]

Dyspraxia

Strictly speaking, a less than total defect of praxis, common as a result of CV

A or other pathology. An `inability to act or to move

various parts of the body in a purposeful manner, although the power of movement is intact. There is no paralysis and the patient

understands what is required of him; yet he cannot execute the action he wishes to perform` (Head, 1926, p94). In children, often

known as clumsy child syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction.

Dyspraxia of Speech

A subset of the dyspraxias, presenting as a specific difficulty in initiating vocalisation, accompanied by effortful production and

defective

prosodic

quality.

A

disorder

of

`brain

circuits

devoted

specifically

to

the

programming

of

articulatory

movements`

(Darley, Aronson, and Brown, 1975, pp1-2). General intellectual level is not necessarily impaired. In children, often known as

developmental verbal dyspraxia. [There is a longer discussion of dyspraxia of speech in Section 6.7 of our e-paper on `Speech

Errors, Speech Production Models, and Speech Pathology`.]

Echolalia

A

clinical

sign.

The

automatic

repetition

of

all

that

the

patient

hears.

Frequently

found

in

transcortical

motor

aphasia

and

Tourette's Syndrome.

Echopraxia

A clinical sign. The automatic mimicking of the physical movements of others. Frequently found in Tourette's Syndrome.

Embolism

A clot or other floating obstruction in a blood vessel. Can cause a thrombotic CV

A.

Encephalitis

A viral or bacterial infection of the brain or brainstem, resulting in inflammation and cell death.

Encephalopathy

Cell death degeneration of the brain or brainstem.

Epiphenomenalism

The doctrine that psychological consciousness is an incidental by-product (i.e. epi-phenomenon) of neural activity, but has no

causal influence upon it.

False Recollection

A false memory. An act of apparent recall; one which is perceived as genuinely having happened, but which does not, in fact,

reference a real occurrence. [Compare confabulation.]

Finger Agnosia

[See firstly agnosia.] Finger agnosia is a mental confusion over the location of your fingers in space, by sight, and/or across the

left-right divide. For its role in Gerstmann's Syndrome, see the companion resource `The Psychology of Numeracy`, and for how

it can be detected, see `A Gentle Introduction to Finger Agnosia`.

First Letter Cueing

A type of cueing.

Involves giving the initial letter of the target word in the hope that this will help the patient access the lost

speech output patterns (e.g. `It begins with a K [pronounced `kay`] .....`). Make sure you say the letter name, and not the phonetic

sound of the letter. [Compare phonemic cueing, semantic cueing and silent articulatory cueing.]

First Order Representation

See representation, first order.

Flaccid Dysarthria

One of the six clinically distinct subtypes of dysarthria recognised by Darley, Aronson, and Brown (1975). [There is a longer

discussion of the subtypes of dysarthria in Section 6.8 of our e-paper on `Speech Errors, Speech Production Models, and Speech

Pathology`.]

Fluent Aphasia

An aphasia with generally retained word production ability (although nonetheless frequently paraphasic or jargonaphasic). Three

types of aphasia are usually classed as fluent, namely Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, and transcortical sensory aphasia.

[Compare non-fluent aphasia.]

Frontal Amnesia

An amnesic state associated with damage to the frontal lobes, and characterised by confabulations and difficulties with problem

solving

tasks

requiring

forward planning.

[There

is

a

longer

discussion

of

the

memory

correlates

of

frontal

lobe

injury

in

our

e-paper on `From Frontal Lobe Syndrome to Dysexecutive Syndrome`.]

Fugue

The

term

`fugue`

has

long

been

applied

to

transient

amnesic

states

in

which

there

is

loss

of

access

to

either

the

semantic

or

episodic aspects of the self, and which commonly results in the sufferer wandering aimlessly away from their normal workplace

or home. This clinical pattern of signs was elevated by the DSM-IV into `dissociative fugue`, one of the four specific dissociative

disorders, describing it as follows .....