-
一、
Directions: Please define the
following terms.
1.
minimal pair test
words that
differ in only one sound
They differ in
meaning, they differ only in one sound segment,
the different sounds occur
in the same
environment
Example: beat, bit They
form a minimal pair
So /ea/ and /i/ are
different sounds in English
They are
different phonemes
2.
the Sapir-
Whorf Hypothesis
linguistic determinism
(
语言决定论
) -Language determines
thought.
and linguistic
relativity (
语言相对论
)-There is
no limit to the structural diversity of
languages.
3.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism in linguistics holds the
view that Children learn language through a chain
of
stimulus-response-reinforcement (
刺激
—
反应
—
强化
), and adults? use of
language is
also a process of stimulus-
response.
4.
discovery procedures
A
grammar is discovered through the performing of
certain operations on a corpus of data
5.
Universal
Grammar
UG consists of a set of innate
grammatical principles.
Each principle
is associated with a number of parameters.
6.
Systemic
Grammar
It aims to explain the internal
relations in language as a system network, or
meaning
potential.
7.
Ideational
Metafunction
The Ideational Function
(Experiential and Logical) is to convey new
information, to
communicate a content
that is unknown to the hearer. It is a meaning
potential.
It mainly consists of
“transitivity” and “voice”. This function not only
specifies the
available options in
meaning but also determines the nature of their
structural realisations.
For example,
“John built a new house” can be
analysed
as a
configuration of the
functions
(
功能配置
):
Actor:
John
Process:
Material: Creation: built
Goal:
Affected: a new house
8.
Interpersonal Metafunction
The INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION embodies all
uses of language to express social and
personal relations. This includes the
various ways the speaker enters a speech situation
and performs a speech act.
9.
basic speech
roles
The most fundamental types of
speech role are just two: (i) giving, and (ii)
demanding.
Cutting across
this basic distinction between giving and
demanding is another
distinction that
relates to the nature of the commodity being
exchanged. This may be
either (a)
goods-&-services or (b) information.
10.
finite verbal
operators
Finiteness is thus expressed
by means of a verbal operator which is either
temporal or
modal.
11.
Textual
Metafunction
The textual metafunction
enables the realization of the relation between
language and
context, making the
language user produce a text which matches the
situation.
It refers to the fact that
language has mechanisms to make any stretch of
spoken or
written discourse into
coherent and unified texts and make a living
passage different from
a random list of
sentences.
It is realized by thematic
structure, information structure and cohesion.
12.
theme and rheme
The Theme is the element which serves
as the point of departure of the message.
The remainder of the message, the part
in which the Theme is developed, is called the
Rheme.
As a message
structure, a clause consists of a Theme
accompanied by a Rheme.
The
Theme is the first constituent of the clause. All
the rest of the clause is simply
labelled the Rheme
13.
experientialism
Experientialism assumes that the
external reality is constrained by our uniquely
human
experience.
The parts
of this external reality to which we have access
are largely constrained by the
ecological niche we have adapted to and
the nature of our embodiment. In other words,
language does not directly re?ect the
world. Rather, it re?ects our unique human
construal of the world: our ?world
view? as it appears to us through the lens of our
embodiment.
This view of
reality has been termed experientialism or
experiential realism by cognitive
linguists George
Lako
?
and Mark Johnson.
Experiential realism acknowledges that there
is an external reality that is re?ected
by concepts and by language. However, this reality
is mediated by our uniquely human
experience which constrains the nature of this
reality
?for us?.
14.
image
schemata
An image schema is a recurring
structure within our cognitive processes which
establishes patterns of understanding
and reasoning. Image schemas are formed from our
bodily interactions, from linguistic
experience, and from historical context.
15.
prototype theory
Prototype
theory is a mode of graded categorization in
cognitive science, where some
members
of a category are more central than others. For
example, when asked to give an
example
of the concept furniture, chair is more frequently
cited than, say, stool. Prototype
theory has also been applied in
linguistics, as part of the mapping from
phonological
structure to semantics.
二、
Directions:
Please answer the following questions.
1.
Why is
Saussure called “one of the founders of structural
linguistics and “father of
modern
linguistics”?
He helped to
set the study of human behavior on a new footing
(basis).
He helped to promote
semiology.
He clarified the formal
strategies of Modernist thoughts.
He
attached importance to the study of the intimate
relation between language and
human
mind.
2.
W
hat are the similarities
and differences between Saussure?s langue and
parole and
Chomsky?s competence and
performance?
The
similarities (1) language and competence mainly
concerns the user?s
underlying
knowledge; parole and performance
concerns the actual phenomena (2) language and
competence are abstract; parole and
performance are concrete.