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语言学名词解释和简答题的出题范围 (修复的)

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2021-02-08 11:48
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2021年2月8日发(作者:厨房英语怎么说)


一、


Directions: Please define the following terms.


1.



minimal pair test


words that differ in only one sound


They differ in meaning, they differ only in one sound segment, the different sounds occur


in the same environment


Example: beat, bit They form a minimal pair


So /ea/ and /i/ are different sounds in English


They are different phonemes



2.



the Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis


linguistic determinism (


语言决定论


) -Language determines thought.



and linguistic relativity (


语言相对论


)-There is no limit to the structural diversity of


languages.




3.



Behaviorism


Behaviorism in linguistics holds the view that Children learn language through a chain of


stimulus-response-reinforcement (


刺激



反应



强化


), and adults? use of language is


also a process of stimulus- response.



4.



discovery procedures


A grammar is discovered through the performing of certain operations on a corpus of data


5.



Universal Grammar


UG consists of a set of innate grammatical principles.


Each principle is associated with a number of parameters.


6.



Systemic Grammar


It aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning


potential.


7.



Ideational Metafunction


The Ideational Function (Experiential and Logical) is to convey new information, to


communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. It is a meaning potential.


It mainly consists of “transitivity” and “voice”. This function not only specifies the


available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations.


For example, “John built a new house” can be analysed




as a configuration of the


functions (


功能配置


):















Actor:





John











Process:





Material: Creation: built

















Goal:





Affected: a new house



8.



Interpersonal Metafunction


The INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION embodies all uses of language to express social and


personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation


and performs a speech act.



9.



basic speech roles


The most fundamental types of speech role are just two: (i) giving, and (ii)


demanding.


Cutting across this basic distinction between giving and demanding is another


distinction that relates to the nature of the commodity being exchanged. This may be


either (a) goods-&-services or (b) information.


10.



finite verbal operators


Finiteness is thus expressed by means of a verbal operator which is either temporal or


modal.



11.



Textual Metafunction


The textual metafunction enables the realization of the relation between language and


context, making the language user produce a text which matches the situation.


It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or


written discourse into coherent and unified texts and make a living passage different from


a random list of sentences.


It is realized by thematic structure, information structure and cohesion.



12.



theme and rheme



The Theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message.


The remainder of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed, is called the


Rheme.


As a message structure, a clause consists of a Theme accompanied by a Rheme.



The Theme is the first constituent of the clause. All the rest of the clause is simply


labelled the Rheme



13.



experientialism


Experientialism assumes that the external reality is constrained by our uniquely human


experience.


The parts of this external reality to which we have access are largely constrained by the


ecological niche we have adapted to and the nature of our embodiment. In other words,


language does not directly re?ect the world. Rather, it re?ects our unique human


construal of the world: our ?world view? as it appears to us through the lens of our


embodiment.


This view of reality has been termed experientialism or experiential realism by cognitive


linguists George Lako


?


and Mark Johnson. Experiential realism acknowledges that there


is an external reality that is re?ected by concepts and by language. However, this reality


is mediated by our uniquely human experience which constrains the nature of this reality


?for us?.



14.



image schemata


An image schema is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which


establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image schemas are formed from our


bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context.



15.



prototype theory


Prototype theory is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science, where some


members of a category are more central than others. For example, when asked to give an


example of the concept furniture, chair is more frequently cited than, say, stool. Prototype


theory has also been applied in linguistics, as part of the mapping from phonological


structure to semantics.



二、


Directions: Please answer the following questions.


1.



Why is Saussure called “one of the founders of structural linguistics and “father of


modern linguistics”?



He helped to set the study of human behavior on a new footing (basis).


He helped to promote semiology.


He clarified the formal strategies of Modernist thoughts.


He attached importance to the study of the intimate relation between language and


human mind.



2.



W


hat are the similarities and differences between Saussure?s langue and parole and


Chomsky?s competence and performance?



The similarities (1) language and competence mainly concerns the user?s


underlying


knowledge; parole and performance concerns the actual phenomena (2) language and


competence are abstract; parole and performance are concrete.

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