2019.6月英语六级真题

2019

年

6

月大学英语六级考试真题

Part

I

Writing

(30 minutes)

Directions:

For

this

part,

you

are

allowed

30

minutes

to

write

an

essay

on

the

importance

of

motivation

and

methods

in

learning

.

You

can

cite

examples

to

illustrate

your

should

write at least

150

words but no more than

200

words.

_____________________________________________ ___________________________________

__________________________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________________ _________________________________________

PartⅡ

Listening

Comprehension

(30 minutes)

Part

Ⅱ

Reading

Comprehension

(40 minutes)

Section A

Directions:

In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage

through

carefully

before

making

your

choices.

Each

choice

in

the

bank

is

identified

by

a

letter.

Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on

Answer Sheet 2

with a single line through the

centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel

26

become

brittle

(

脆的

)

at

temperatures

below

about

-

25℃

unless

they

are

mixed

with

other

metals.

Now,

though,

a

novel

type

of

steel

has

been

developed

that

resists

27

at

much

lower

temperatures,

while retaining its strength and toughness

—

without the need for expensive

28

.

Steel’s fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War.

After

German

U

-

boats

torpedoed

(

用鱼雷攻击

)

numerous

British

ships,

a

2,700

-

strong

fleet

of

cheap

-

and

-

chee rful“Liberty ships”was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for

the

29

British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships

30

in the icy north Atlantic, and

12 broke in half and sank.

Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs

in the Arctic. So scientists have

31

to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as

nickel.

Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in

Japan tried a more physical

32 . Rather than adding other

metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe

mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.

The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is

33

to

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that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.

Kimura’s team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra

-

high strength parts, such as

bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of

34

needed in a construction job and their weight

—

by replacing solid supports with

35

tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel

needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.

A) abruptly

I) cracked

B) additives

J) fractures

C) approach

K) hollow

D) ardently

L) relevant

E) besieged

M) reshuffled

F) channel

N) strived

G) comparable

O) violent

H) components

Section B

Directions:

In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each

statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which

the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked

with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on

Answer Sheet 2

.

The future of personal satellite technology is here

—

are we ready for it?

A) Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But

increasingly,

as

space

becomes

more

democratized,

they

are

coming

within

reach

of

ordinary

people. Just like

drones

(

无人机

) before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally

transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.

B)

As

a

recent

report

from

the

National

Academy

of

Sciences

highlights,

these

satellites

hold

tremendous

potential

for

making

satellite

-

based

science

more

accessible

than

ever

before.

However, as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible

use

grow.

The

question

here

is

no

longer“Can

we?”but“Should

we?”What

are

the

potential

downsides

of

having

a

slice

of

space

densely

populated

by

equipment

built

by

people

not

traditionally

labeled

as“professionals”?

And

what

would

the

responsible

and

beneficial

development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from

a

nonprofit

organization

that

has

been

building

and

launching

amateur

satellites

for

nearly

50

years.

C) Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science

fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill:

CubeSats. The“Cube”here simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a

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10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your

desk. These mini

-

satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly“wasted space.”Multiples can be

deployed

in

combination

for

more

complex

missions

than

could

be

achieved

by

one

CubeSat

alone.

D)

Within

their

compact

bodies

these

minute

satellites

are

able

to

house

sensors

and

communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as

space around Earth. They’re primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

—

an easily accessible

region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human

-

tended missions like the

Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain

more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth

-

escaping payloads (to the moon and

Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.

E) Because they're so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earth’s orbit than a

traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance, a research group here at Arizona State

University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as $$3,000 to

put

in

orbit.

This

decrease

in

cost

a11ows

researchers,

hobbyists

and

even

elementary

school

groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS.

F) The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students

to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the

USSR’

s Sputnik

(

前

苏联的人造卫星

). Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have

all launched and operated CubeSats. There arc more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA

Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups

and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are

not just for rocket scientists anymore.

G)

The

National

Academy

of

Sciences

report

emphasizes

CubeSats'

importance

in

scientific

discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that

widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn’t risk

-

flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is

space debris

—

pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential

to cause serious damage if

they collide with operational units, including the ISS.

H) Currently, there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely. Yet as LEO opens up to more

amateur

satellites,

they

may

pose

an

increasing

threat.

As

the

report

authors

point

out,

even

near

-

misses

might

lead

to

the“creation

of

a

burdensome

regulatory

framework

and

affect

the

future disposition of science CubeSats.”

I) CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible

consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space. In an era

when

you can simply buy a CubeSat

kit off the shelf, how can we trust

the satellites over our

heads

were

developed

with

good

intentions

by

people

who

knew

what

they

were

doing?

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Some“expert amateurs”in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed

responsibly.

J) In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was created in order to foster

ham

radio

enthusiasts’

(

业余无线电爱好者

)

participation

in

space

research

and

communication.

It

continued

the

efforts,

begun

in

1961,

by

Project

OSCAR

—

a

U.S.

-

based

group

that

built

and

launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization

of volunteers, AMSAT was putting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat

craze.

And

over

time,

its

members

have

learned

a

thing

or

two

about

responsibility.

Here,

development

has

been

a

central

principle,

Within

the

organization,

AMSAT

has

a

philosophy of open sourcing everything

—

making technical data on all aspects of their satellites

fully

available

to

everyone

in

the

organization,

and

when

possible,

the

public.

According

to

a

member of the team responsible for FOX 1

-

A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there’s no

way

to

sneak

something

like

explosives

or

an

energy

emitter

into

an

amateur

satellite

when

everyone has access to the designs and implementation.

K) However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization

guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form

of“self

-

governance”is

possible

within

long

-

standing

amateur

organizations

that,

over

time,

are

able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But

what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?

L) Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long

-

standing

amateur

establishment.

They're

still

constrained

by

funders,

launch

providers

and

a

series

of

regulations

—

all

of

which

rein

in

what

CubeSat

developers

can

and

cannot

do.

But

there's

a

danger

they're

ill

-

equipped

to

think

through

potential

unintended

consequences.

What

these

unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can be

remarkably

creative

with

taking

technologies

in

unexpected

directions.

Think

of

something

as

seemingly benign as the cellphone

—

we have microfinance and text

-

based social networking at

one end of the spectrum, and

improvised

(

临时制作的

) explosive devices at the other.

M) This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important

—

not simply

to

ensure

that

physical

risks

are

minimized,

but

to

engage

with

a

much

larger

community

in

anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task.

Yet

the

evidence

from

AMSAT

and

other

areas

of

technology

development

suggests

that

responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge

here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur community considers to be responsible, actually

is.

Here's

where

there

needs

to

be

a

much

wider

public

conversation

that

extends

beyond

government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists, and anyone who

may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.

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