-
Passage 1
No one prior to World War II more
trenchantly analyzed the philosophical differences
between
utopians and realists than did
in his celebrated work, which, although published
in 1939,
did
not
have
its
impact
in
America
until
after
World
War
II.
Carr
used
the
term
utopians
for
idealists
who
placed
emphasis
on
international
law
and
organization
and
on
the
influence
of
morality
and
public
opinion
in
the
affairs
of
nations.
He
probably
did
not
intend
the
more
pejorative connotation that attached to
the term
utopians
after
World War II as na?
ve opponents of
power politics expounded by realists.
Indeed, since the end of the Cold War, the
idealist concept of
the
harmony
of
national
interests
in
peace
has
received
new
attention
in
a
more
recent
neoliberal-neorealist debate.
The
failures
of
the
League
of
Nations
in
the
1930s
cast
doubt
on
the
harmony
of
interest
in
peace, which appeared to accord with
the interests of satisfied, status-quo powers with
democratic
governments,
but
not
with
the
perceived
needs
of
revisionists,
totalitarians,
authoritarian
states
seeking
boundary
changes,
enhanced
status,
greater
power,
and,
especially
in
the
case
of
Nazi
Germany,
revenge
for
the
humiliation
of
the
post-World
War
I
settlement
imposed
by
the
Versailles treaty. Contrary to the
utopian assumption, national self-determination
did not always
produce representative
governments. Instead, the overthrow of the old
monarchical order gave rise
in
many
places,
including
Russia,
to
a
more
pervasive
and
oppressive
totalitarian
states.
The
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
of
August
1939 between
the Soviet
Union and
Nazi Germany
set
the
stage for Adolph
Hitler
’
s invasion of Poland,
the outbreak of World War II, the partition of
Poland,
and
the
absorption
of
Baltic
states
into
the
Soviet
Union,
all
in
flagrant
contravention
of
the
standards
of international conduct set forth in utopian
theory.
1.
Who
took a strong analysis of the philosophical
differences between utopians and realists?
A.
Adolph Hitler
did
B.
did
C.
Neorealist did
D.
Molotov did
2.
What did
utopian
mean in
Carr
’
s opinion?
A.
Idealists who
placed emphasis on international law and
organization and on the influence
of
morality and public opinion in the affairs of
nations.
B.
Na?
ve opponents of power
politics.
C.
Status-quo powers
D.
Revisionists.
3.
What is the
consequence of national self-determination?
A.
Producing
representative governments.
B.
Giving rise to
a more pervasive and oppressive totalitarian
states.
C.
Both A
and B
D.
Sometimes A, sometimes B.
4.
What was the
influence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August
1939?
A.
to set
the stage for Adolph
Hitler
’
s invasion of Poland
B.
leading to the
outbreak of World War II
C.
a cause of the partition of Poland
D.
all of A,B and
C
5.
Which one
can serve as the title of this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Post-World War II Realism
Post-World War II Utopians
and the Crisis of World Politics
The
Influence of Versailles Treaty
passage 2
Beyond
marking
the
seasons,
the
chief
interests
that
actuated
the
Babylonian
astronomer
in
his
observations
were
astrological.
After
quoting
Diodorus
to
the
effect
that
the
Babylonian
priests
observed the position of certain stars
in order to cast horoscopes, Thompson tells us
that from a
very early day the very
name Chaldean became synonymous with magician. He
adds that
Mesopotamia, by way of Greece
and Rome, a certain amount of Babylonian astrology
made its
way
among
the
nations
of
the
west,
and
it
is
quite
probable
that
many
superstitions
which
we
commonly
record as the peculiar product of western
civilization took their origin from those of the
early
dwellers
on
the
alluvial
lands
of
Mesopotamia.
One
Assurbanipal,
king
of
Assyria
B.C.
668-626, added to the royal library at
Nineveh his contribution of tablets, which
included many
series of documents which
related exclusively to the astrology of the
ancient Babylonians, who in
turn had
borrowed it with modifications from the Sumerian
invaders of the country. Among these
must be mentioned the series which was
commonly called 'the Day of Bel,' and which was
decreed
by the learned to have been
written in the time of the great Sargon I., king
of Agade, 3800 B.C.
With
such
ancient
works
as
these
to
guide
them,
the
profession
of
deducing
omens
from
daily
events
reached such a pitch of importance in the last
Assyrian Empire that a system of
making
periodical reports came into being. By
these the king was informed of all the occurrences
in the
heavens and on earth, and the
results of astrological studies in respect to
after events. The heads of
the
astrological profession were men of high rank and
position, and their office was hereditary.
The variety of information contained in
these reports is best gathered from the fact that
they were
sent from cities as far
removed from each other as Assur in the north and
Erech in the south, and it
can only be
assumed that they were despatched by runners, or
men mounted on swift horses. As
reports
also came from Dilbat, Kutba, Nippur, and
Bursippa, all cities of ancient foundation, the
king was probably well acquainted with
the general course of events in his
empire.
1.
What
actuated the Babylonian astronomer?
A.
Marking the
seasons
B.
Astrology
C.
Both A and B
D.
Neither of A and B
2.
Where,
according to Thompson , did many superstitions of
western civilization originate
from?
A.
Nineveh
B.
Babylonia
C.
Assur
D.
Erech
3.
How was the social status of an
astrologer at that time?
A.
Of high social status
B.
Of middle
social status
C.
Of low social status
D.
It
wasn
’
t mentioned in the
passage.
4.
How
was the king acquainted with the general course of
events in his empire?
A.
By periodical reports of astrology from
the cities of the empire.
B.
By scientific reports from specialists.
C.
By rumors
D.
By making a
tour in disguise
5.
What does the author mainly talk about
in this passage?
A.
astronomy
B.
physics
C.
meteorology
D.
astrology
passage 3
Mr
Malthus
very
correctly
defines,
rent
of
land
to
be
that
portion
of
the
value
of
the
whole produce which
remains to the owner, after all the outgoings
belonging to its cultivation, of
whatever kind, have been paid,
including the profits of the capital employed,
estimated according
to the usual and
ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock
at the time being.
Whenever, then,
the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of
agricultural stock, and all the
outgoings
belonging
to
the
cultivation
of
land,
are
together
equal
to
the
value
of
the
whole
produce, there can be no rent.
And when the whole produce is only
equal in value to the outgoings necessary to
cultivation,
there can neither be rent
nor profit.
In the first settling of a
country rich in fertile land, and which may be had
by any one who
chooses to take it, the
whole produce, after deducting the outgoings
belonging to cultivation, will
be
the
profits
of
capital,
and
will
belong
to
the
owner
of
such
capital,
without
any
deduction
whatever for rent.
Thus, if the capital employed by an
individual on such land were of the value of two
hundred
quarters of wheat, of which
half consisted of fixed capital, such as
buildings, implements, &c. and
the
other half of circulating capital, -- if, after
replacing the fixed and circulating capital, the
value
of the remaining produce were one
hundred quarters of wheat, or of equal value with
one hundred
quarters of wheat, the neat
profit to the owner of capital would be fifty per
cent or one hundred
profit on two
hundred capital.
For a period of
some duration, the profits of agricultural stock
might continue at the same
rate,
because
land
equally
fertile,
and
equally
well
situated,
might
be
abundant,
and
therefore,
might be
cultivated on the same advantageous terms, in
proportion as the capital of the first, and
subsequent settlers augmented.
1.
In
Mr Malthus’
opinion, the
rent of land and profits of the capital employed
in cultivation
__________________?
A.
have not been
paid.
B.
have
been paid.
C.
have been partially paid
D.
ought to be
paid.
2.
What,
according to Mr Malthus, is the correlation
between the four parties: rent of land,
outgoings necessary to cultivation,
profit of capital and value of the whole produce
A.
outgoings
necessary
to
cultivation
=
rent
of
land
+
profit
of
capital
+value
of
the
whole produce
B.
profit of
capital = value of the whole produce
–
rent of land
–
outgoings necessary to
cultivation
C.
value of the whole produce = land of
the rent + outgoings necessary to cultivation
–
profit of
capital
D.
profit
of capital = value of the whole produce + rent of
land
–
outgoings necessary
to
cultivation
3.
When does a cultivator have no profit
under the following circumstances?
A.
The usual and
ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock
is together equal to the
value of the
whole produce.
B.
The whole produce is only equal in
value to the outgoings necessary to cultivation.
C.
A cultivator
takes first settling of a country rich in fertile
land
D.
The land
is not free.
4.
In the fifth paragraph, if, after
replacing the fixed and circulating capital, the
value of the
remaining
produce
were
fifty
quarters
of
wheat,
the
neat
profit
to
the
owner
of
capital
would be___?
A.
50%
B.
100%
C.
75%
D.
25%
5.
The author believes the profits of
agricultural stock are ____?
A.
unsustainable
B.
sustainable
C.
sometimes
sustainable
D.
depending on the weather
passage 4
While the laborer
is confined to the culture of the soil on his own
-account, because it is in
that manner
alone that he can obtain access to the wages on
which he is to subsist, the form and
amount
of
the
Rents
he
pays
are
determined
by
a
direct
contract
between
himself
and
the
proprietor.
The
provisions
of
these
contracts
are
influenced
sometimes
by
the
laws,
and
almost
always by the long established usages,
of the countries in which they are made. The main
object in
all is, to secure a revenue
to the proprietors with the least practicable
amount of trouble or risk on
their
part.
Though governed in
common by some important principles, the variety
in the minuter details
of this class of
Rents is of course almost infinite. But men will
be driven in similar situations to
very
similar expedients, and the general mass of
peasant rents may be separated into four great
divisions, comprising 1st, Labor Rents,
2dly, Metayer Rents, 3dly, Ryot Rents (borrowing
the last
term from the country in which
we are most familiar with them, India).
These three will be found
occupying in contiguous masses the breadth of the
old world, from
the Canary Islands to
the shores of China and the Pacific, and deciding,
each in its own sphere, not
merely the
economical relations of the landlords and tenants,
but the political and social condition
of the mass of the people.
To these must be added a fourth
division, that of Cottier Rents, or Rents paid by
a laborer
extracting his own wages from
the land, but paying his rent in money, as in
Ireland and part of
Scotland.
This
class
is
small,
but
peculiarly
interesting
to
Englishmen,
from
the
fact
of
its
prevalence
in the sister island, and from the influence it
has exercised, and seems likely for some
time yet to exercise, over the progress
and circumstances of the Irish people.
1.
Why is the
laborer confined to the culture of the soil?
A.
Only by that
can he/she obtain access to wages for survival.
B.
Only by that
can he/she obtain control over the proprietor.
C.
Only by that
can he/she obtain profits of agricultural stock.
D.
Only by that
can he/she get freedom.
2.
Which factors will influence the form
and amount of the Rents a laborer pays?
A.
laws, long
established usages and personal views
B.
laws and long
established usages
C.
long established usages, personal views
and advices from others
D.
None of the above is correct.
3. Why, according to the author, may
the general mass of peasant rents be separated
into four great
divisions?
A.
Men will be
driven in similar situations to very similar
expedients.
B.
Men will be driven in similar
situations to very different expedients.
C.
The general
mass of peasant rents is not of one mind.
D.
The author
likes to do so.
4.
Which of the four divisions is the
smallest?
A.
Class of Labor Rents
B.
Class of
Metayer Rents
C.
Class of Ryot Rents
D.
Class of
Cottier Rents
5.
How do laborers pay their rents in
class of Cottier Rents?
A.
in cereals
B.
in money
C.
in labor
D.
All of the above mentioned.
Passage 5
Tea drinking was
common in China for nearly one thousand years
before anyone in Europe
had ever heard
about tea. People in Britain were much slower in
finding out what tea was like,
mainly
because tea was very expensive. It could not be
bought in shops and even those people
who
could
afford
to
have
it
sent
from
Holland
did
so
only
because
it
was
a
fashionable
curiosity. Some of them were not sure
how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and
tried
cooking
the
leaves.
Then
they
served
them
mixed
with
butter
and
salt.
They
soon
discovered
their
mistake
but
many
people
used
to
spread the
used
tea
leaves
on
bread
and
give
them to their children as sandwiches.
Tea
remained
scarce
and
very
expensive
in
England
until
the
ships
of
the
East
India
Company
began
to
bring
it
direct
from
China
early
in
the
seventeenth
century.
During
the
next
few years so much tea came into the country that
the price fell and many people could
afford to buy it.
At the same
time people on the Continent were becoming more
and more fond of tea.
Until then tea
had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a
famous French lady named
Madame de
Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when
milk was added. She found it so
pleasant that she would never again
drink it without milk. Because she was such a
great lady
her friends thought they
must copy everything she did, so they also drank
their tea with milk
in it. Slowly this
habit spread until it reached England and today
only very few Britons drink
tea without
milk.
At
first,
tea
was
usually
drunk
after
dinner
in
the
evening
No
one
ever
thought
of
drinking tea in the
afternoon until a duchess found that a cup of tea
and a piece of cake at
three or four
o’clock stopped her getting
“a sinking feeling”
as she
called it. She invited her
friends to
have this new meal with her, so tea-time was born.
1. Which of the following
introductions of tea into Britain is true?
A)
The Britons got expensive tea from India.
B)
Tea reached Britain from Holland.
C) The Britons
were the first people in Europe who drank tea.
D)
It was not until the 17th century that the Britons
had tea.
2. This passage
mainly discusses
.
A)the history of tea drinking in
Britain
B) how tea became a popular drink in
Britain
C)how the Britons got the habit of
drinking tea
D)how tea-time was born
3. Tea became a popular drink in
Britain
.
A) in
eighteenth century
B) in sixteenth century
C)
in seventeenth century
D) in the late seventeenth
century
4. People in Europe
began to drink tea with milk because
A)it tasted like milk
B) it tasted
more pleasant
C)it became a popular drink
D)Madame de
Sevinge was such a lady with great social
influence that people tried to
copy the way she drank tea
5. We may infer from the
passage that the habit of drinking tea in Britain
was mostly due to
the
influence of
.
A)a famous
French lady named Madame de Sevigne
B)the ancient Chinese
C)the upper social class
D)people in
Holland
Passage
6
In
a
family
where
the
roles
of
men
and
women
are
not
sharply
separated
and
where
many household tasks
are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions
of male superiority are
hard to
maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in
decisions makes for equality, and this
in turn leads to further sharing. In
such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to
accept that
equality
more
easily
than
did
their
parents
and
to
prepare
more
fully
for
participation
in
a
world characterized by
cooperation rather than by the
“battle
of the sexes”.
If the
process goes too far
and man’s
role is regarded as less
important
- and that has
happened in some
cases
–
we are as badly of as
before, only in reverse.
It is time to reassess the
role of the man in the American family. We are
getting a little
tired of
“momism”,
-
but
we don’t want to exchange it for a
“neo
-
popism
”
. What we need,
rather, is
the recognition that bringing up children involves
a partnership of equals.
There
are
signs
that psychiatrists,
psychologists, social workers,
and specialists
on the
family are becoming more aware of the
part men play and that they have decided that
women
should
not
receive
all the
credit
–
not all
the
blame.
We
have
almost
given
up saying
that a
woman’s place is the home. We are
beginning, however, to analyze men’s place in the
home
and
to
insist
that
he
does
have
a
place
in
it.
Nor
is
that
place
irrelevant
to
the
healthy
development of the child.
The family is a
cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult
to lay down rules, because
each family
needs to work out its own ways for solving its own
problems.
Excessive
authoritarianism
has
unhappy
consequences,
whether
it
wears
skirts
or
trousers, and the ideal
of equal rights and equal responsibilities is
connected not only with a
healthy
democracy, but also with a healthy family.
1.
From
the
passage
we
know
that
the
author
is
very
concerned
with
the
role
that
.
A)
parents play in bringing up their
children
B)men play in a family
C)women play in
a family
D)equality plays in a family
2.
The author means to tell us that
.
A)a man’s place is in the home
B)a
woman’s place is in the home
C)a woman
should be equal to a man
D)a man should have an
equal share in family matters
3. According to
the author, a healthy family should be based
on
.
A) cooperation
C) momism
B)authoritarianism
D)
neo-popism
4. Who will benefit most from a family
pattern of sharing in tasks and decisions?
A)The children.
C) The man.
B)The woman
D) The psychologist.
5.
We may safely conclude from the passage
that
.
A)male
superiority maintains a healthy family
B)equal rights
and equal responsibilities are very essential to a
healthy family
C)authoritarianism does no good to a
healthy family
D)women should be equal to men.
Passage 7
As the
pace of life continues to increase, we are fast
losing the art of relaxation. Once you are
in the habit of rushing through lift,
being on the go from morning till night, it is
hard to slow down.
But relaxation is
essential for a healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of everyday
lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it
is not the bad
thing it is often
supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is
vital to provide motivation and give
purpose to life. It is only when the
stress gets out of control that it can lead to
poor performance
and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can
withstand depends very much on the individual.
Some people
are
not
afraid
of
stress,
and
such
characters
are
obviously
prime
material
for
managerial
responsibilities.
Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual
difficulties. When exposed to stress,
in
whatever
form,
we
react
both
chemically
and
physically.
In
fact
we
make
choice
between
The crises we meet today are
unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the
stress is, it involves
the same
response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,
through continued exposure to stress, that
health becomes endangered. Such serious
conditions as high blood pressure and heart
disease have
established links with
stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our
lives (it would be unwise to
do so even
if we could), we need to find ways to deal with
it.
are finding less and
less time for relaxing themselves because_____.
a. they do not know how to enjoy
themselves
b. they do not believe that
relaxation is important for health
c.
they are traveling fast all the time
d. they are becoming busier with their
work
ing to the writer ,the
most important character for a good manager is his
________.
a. not fearing stress
b. knowing the art of relaxation
c. high sense of responsibility
d. having control over performance
of the following
statements is true?
a. We can find some
ways to avoid stress
b. Stress is
always harmful to people
c. It is easy
to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with
work.
d. Different people can withstand
different amounts of stress
Paragraph 3,
a.
b.
c.
d.
the last sentence of the
passage,
a.
b.
c.
d.
Passage 8
Manners
nowadays
in
metropolitan
cities
like
London
are
practically
nonexistent.
It
is
nothing
for
a
big,
strong
schoolboy
to
elbow
an
elderly
woman
aside
in
the
dash
for
the
last
remaining seat on the
tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat
to her.
This question of giving up seats in
public transport is much argued about by young
men, who
say that, since women have
claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be
treated with courtesy
and that those
who go out to work should take their turn in the
rat race like anyone else. Women
have
never claimed to be physically as strong as men.
Even if it is not agreed, however, that young
men should stand up for younger women,
the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to
the
old, the sick and the burdened. Are
we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness
that we can sit
there indifferently
reading the paper or a book, saying to ourselves
`First come, first served', while
a
grey-haired woman, a mother with a young child
stands? Yet this is all too often
seen.
?
Older
people, tired and irritable from a day's work, are
not angels, either far from it. Many a
brisk argument or an insulting quarrel
breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each
other
to get on buses and tubes. One
cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel
there is just a
little more
excuse.
?
If
cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at
all, however, it seems imperative, not only
that
communications
in
transport
should
be
improved,
but
also
that
communication
between
human beings should be kept smooth and
polite. All over cities, it seems that people are
too tired
and too rushed to be polite.
Shop assistants won't bother to assist, taxi
drivers growl at each other
as
they
dash
dangerously
round
corners,
bus
conductors
pull
the
bell
before
their
desperate
passengers have had time to get on or
off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us
that it is up
to the young and strong
to do their small part to stop such
deterioration.
?
what you have read, who are expected to improve
their manners?
?
A) who are physically weak or
crippled
?
B) who
once lived in a prison-camp during the
War
?
C) who live
in big modern cities
?
D) who live only in small
towns
?
is the
writer's opinion concerning courteous manners
towards women?
A)
Now
that
women
have
claimed
equality,
they
no
longer
need
to
be
treated
differently
from
men.
?
B)
It
is
generally
considered
old-fashioned
for
young
men
to
give
up
their
seats
to
young
women.
?
C)
?
D) Special consideration ought to be
shown to them.
?
tubes or buses, according to the author, older
people___ .
?
A)
often offer their seats to
others
?
B) are
treated better than younger people
are
?
C) are no
more considerate to each
other
?
D) from
the Continent are more
irritable
?
ication between human beings would be
smoother if __.
?
A) people were more considerate to each
other
?
B) people
were not so tired and
irritable
?
C)
women were treated with more
courtesy
?
D)
public transport could be
improved.
?
is
the possible meaning of the word
A) Worsening of general
situation.
?
B)
Lowering of moral
standards.
?
C)
Declining of physical
constitution.
?
D)
Spreading of evil conduct.
?
Passage 9
A
study of art history might be a good way to learn
more about a culture than is possible to
learn in general history classes. Most
typical history courses concentrate on polities,
economies,
and war, but art history
focuses on much more than this because art
reflects not only the political
values
of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions,
and psychology. In addition, information
about
the
daily
activities
of
our
ancestors-or
of
people
very
different
from
our
own-can
be
provided by art. In short, art
expresses the essential qualities of a time and a
place, and a study of
it clearly offers
us a deeper understanding than can be found in
most history books.
?
In history books, objective
information about the political life of a country
is presented; that is,
facts about
politics are given, but opinions are not
expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective:
it reflects emotions and opinions. The
great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps
the first
truly
artist.
In
his
well-known
painting
The
Third
of
May
1080,
he
criticized
the
Spanish government
for
its
misuse
of
power
over
people. Over
a
hundred
years
later,
symbolic
images were used in Pablo Picasso's
Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile,
on another
continent,
the
powerful
paintings
of
Diego
Rivera,
Jose
Clemente
Orozco,
and
David
Alfaro
Siqueiros-as well as
the works of Alfredo Ramos Martinze-depicted these
Mexican artists' deep
anger and sadness
about social problems.
In the same way, art can reflect a
culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years
in Europe,
religious art was almost the
only type of art that existed. Churches and other
religious buildings
were filled with
paintings that depicted people and stories from
the Bible. Although most people
couldn't
read,
they
could
still
understand
biblical
stories
in
the
pictures
on
church
walls.
By
contrast, one of the main
characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and
still is) its absence of
human and
animal images. This reflects the Islamic
(
伊斯兰教的
) belief that statues
are unholy.
?
can
be learned about a culture from a study of art
history than from general history classes
because art history_______
.
?
A) shows us
the religious and emotions of a people in addition
to political values
?
B) provides us with information about
the daily activities of people in the
past
?
C) gives us
an insight into the essential qualities of a time
and a place
?
D)
all of the above
?
is subjective in that__________
.
?
A) a personal
and emotional view of history is presented through
it
?
B) it can
easily arouse our anger or sadness about social
problems
?
C) it
will find a ready echo in our
hearts
?
D) both B
and C
?
of the
following statements is true according to the
passage?
?
A)
Unlike
Francisco
Goya,
Pablo
Picasso
and
several
Mexican
artists
expressed
their
political
opinions in their
paintings.
?
B)
History books often reveal the compilers'
political views.
?
C)
Religious
art
remained
in
Europe
for
centuries
the
only
type
of
art
because
most
people
regarded the Bible as
the Holy Book.
?
D) In the Middle East even today you
can hardly find any human and animal images on
church
walls or religious
buildings.
?
passage is mainly discussing
__________.
?
A)
the difference between general history and art
history
?
B) the
making of art history
?
C) what we can learn from
art
?
D) the
influence of artists on art
history
?
may be
concluded from this passage that_______
.
?
A)
Islamic
artists
had
to
create
architectural
decoration
with
images
of
flowers
or
geometric
forms
?
B) history teachers are more objective
than artists
?
C)
it is more difficult to study art history than
general history
?
D)
people
and
stories
from
the
Bible
were
painted
on
churches
and
other
buildings
in
order
to
popularize the
Bible
?
Passage 10
If women are
mercilessly exploited year-round, they have only
themselves to blame. Because
they
tremble
at
the
thought
of
being
seen
in
public
in
clothes
that
are
out
of
fashion,
they
are
always taken advantage of by the
designers and the big stores. Clothes which have
been worn only
a few times have to be
put aside because of the change of fashion. When
you come to think of it,
only a woman
is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe
packed full of clothes and announcing
sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing
fashions
are
nothing
more
than
the
intentional
creation
of
waste.
Many
women
spend vast sums of
money each year to replace clothes that have
hardly been worn. Women who
cannot
afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste
hours of their time altering the dresses
they have. Skirts are lengthened or
shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so
on.
No
one
can
claim
that
the
fashion
industry
contributes
anything
really
important
to
society.
Fashion designers are rarely concerned
with vital things like warmth, comfort and
durability. They
are only interested in
outward appearance and they take advantage of the
fact that women will put
up
with
any
amount
of
discomfort,
as
long
as
they
look
right.
There
can
hardly
be
a
man
who
hasn
’
t at some
time in his life smile at the sight of a woman
shaking in a thin dress on a winter day,
or delicately picking her way through
deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing
men and women in the matter of fashion, the
conclusions to be drawn are
obvious.
Do
the
constantly
changing
fashions
of
women
’
s
clothes,
one
wonders,
reflect
basic
qualities
of
inconstancy
and
instability?
Men
are
too
clever
to
let
themselves
be
cheated
by
fashion
designers.
Do
their
unchanging
styles
of
dress
reflect
basic
qualities
of
stability
and
reliability? That is for you to decide.
1. Designers and big stores always make
money_________________
A) by
mercilessly exploiting women workers in the
clothing industry
B) because they are
capable of predicting new fashions
C)
by constantly changing the fashions in
women
’
s clothing
D) because they attach great importance
to quality in women
’
s
clothing
2. To the writer, the fact
that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is
seen as______
A) a waste of money B) a
waste of time
C) an expression of taste
D) an expression of creativity
3. The
writer would be less critical if fashion designers
placed more stress on the ____of clothing
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D)
suitability
4. According to the
passage, which of the following statements is
TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are
created for the commercial exploitation of women
B) The constant changes in
women
’
s clothing reflect
their strength of character
C) The
fashion industry make an important contribution to
society
D) Fashion designs should not
be encouraged since they are only welcomed by
women.
5. By saying
“
the conclusions to be drawn
are obvious
”
(lines 1-2, Para.4) the writer means
that_
A) women
’
s
inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often
laughed at
B) women are
better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by
fashion designers
D) men are more
stable and reliable in character
Passage 11
Taste is such a
subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct
preference tests for food.
The most you
can say about anyone’s preference is that it’s one
person’s opinion. But because
the two
big cola companies-Coca-Cola a
nd Pepsi
Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve
wondered how big a role taste
preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set
up a taste test
that challenged people
who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or
Pepsi fans: Find your
brand in a blind
tasting.
We
invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking
for either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi,
Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were
people who thought they’d have no trouble telling
their
brand from the other brand.
We eventually
located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola
drinkers. Then we fed them
four
unidentified samples of cola one at a time,
regular colas for the one group, diet versions
for
the
other.
We
asked
them
to
tell
us
whether
each
sample
was
Coke
or
Pepsi;
then
we
analyzed
th
e
records
statistically
to
compare
the
participants’
choices
with
what
mere
guess-work could have accomplished.
Getting all
four samples right was a tough test, but not too
tough, we thought, for people
who
believed
they
could
recognize
their
brand.
In
the
end,
only
7
out
of
19
regular
cola
drinkers correctly identified their
brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola
drinkers did a
little worse - only 7 to
27 identified all four samples correctly.
While both
groups did better than chance would predict,
nearly half the participants in each
group
made
the
wrong
choice
two
or
more
times.
Two
people
got
all four
samples
wrong.
Overall, half the
participants did about as well on the last round
of tasting as on the first, so
fatigue,
or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference
test result suggests that only a few
Pepsi participants and Coke fans may
really be able to tell their favorite brand by
taste and
price.
1.
According to the passage the preference test was
conducted in order to _______
A)
find out the role taste preference
plays in a person’s drinking
B) reveal which cola is more to the
liking of the drinkers
C) show that a
person’s opinion about taste is mere
guess
-work
D) compare the
ability of the participants in choosing their
drinks
2. The statistics recorded in
the preference tests show_______
A)
Coca-
Cola and Pepsi are people’s two
most favorite drinks
B)
There is not much difference in taste between
Coca-Cola and Pepsi
C) Few
people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi
D) People
’s tastes differ
from one another
3. It is
implied in the first paragraph that________
A) the purpose of taste tests is to
promote the sale of colas
B) the
improvement of quality is the chief concern of the
two cola companies
C) the competition
between the two colas is very strong
D)
blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans
4
. The word “burnout” (Line
4, Para. 5) here refers to the state of
_________
A) being seriously
burnt in the skin B) being unable to burn for lack
of fuel
C) being badly damaged by fire
D) being unable to function because of excessive
use
5
. The author’s purpose
in writing this passage is to _________
A) show that taste preference is highly
subjective
B) argue that taste testing
is an important marketing strategy
C)
emphasize that taste and price are closely related
to each other
D) recommend that blind
tasting be introduced in the quality control of
colas
Passage 12
Where do pesticides fit into the
picture of environmental disease? We have seen
that they now
pollute
soil,
water,
and
food,
that
they
have
the
power
to
make
our
streams
fishless
and
our
gardens
and
woodlands
silent
and
birdless.
Man,
however
much
he
may
like
to
pretend
the
contrary,
is
part
of
nature.
Can
he
escape
a
pollution
that
is
now
so
thoroughly
distributed
throughout our
world?
We
know
that
even
single
exposures
to
these
chemicals,
if
the
amount
is
large
enough,
can
cause
extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the
major problem. The sudden illness or death
of farmers, farm workers, and others
exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are
very sad and
should
not
occur.
For
the
population
as
a
whole,
we
must
be
more
concerned
with
the
delayed
effects of absorbing small amounts of
the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible
public health officials have pointed out that the
biological effects of chemicals are
cumulative over long periods of time,
and that the danger to the individual may depend
on the sum
of
the
exposures
received
throughout
his
lifetime.
For
these
very
reasons
the
danger
is
easily
ignored. It is human nature to shake
off what may seem to us a threat of future
disaster. “Men are
naturally most
impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,”
says a wise physician, Dr. Rene
Dubos,
“yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach
them unnoticed.”
1. Which of
the following is closest in meaning to the
sentence “Man, …is part of nature.” (Line
3-4, Para.1)?
A) Man appears
indifferent to what happens in nature
B) Man acts as if he does not belong to
nature
C) Man can avoid the effects of
environmental pollution
D) Man can
escape his responsibilities for environmental
protection
2
. What is the
author’s attitude towards the environmental
effects of pesticides?
A)
Pessimistic B) Indifferent C) Defensive D)
Concerned
3. In the auth
or’s
view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large
amounts of pesticides___
A)
is not the worst of the negative consequences
resulting from the use of pesticides
B)
now occurs most frequently among all accidental
deaths
C) has sharply increased so as
to become the center of public attention
D) is unavoidable because people can’t
do without pesticides in farming
4. People tend to ignore the delayed
effects of exposure to chemicals because______
A) limited exposure to them does little
harm to people’s he
alth
B)
the present is more important for them than the
future
C) the danger does not become
apparent immediately
D) humans are
capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning
5
. It can be concluded from
Dr Dubos’ remarks that_______
A) people find invisible diseases
difficult to deal with
B) attacks by
hidden enemies tend to be fatal
C)
diseases with obvious sighs are easy to cure
D) people tend to overlook hidden
dangers caused by pesticides
Passage 13
Oceanography
has
been
defined
as
“The
application
of
all
sciences
to
the
study
of
the
sea”.
Before the nineteenth century,
scientists with an interest in the sea were few
and far between.
Certainly Newton
considered some theoretical aspects of it in his
writings, but he was reluctant to
go to
sea to further his work.
For most people the sea was remote, and
with the exception of early intercontinental
travelers or
others who earned a living
from the sea, there was little reason to ask many
questions about it , let
alone to ask
what lay beneath the surfac
e. The first
time that the question ”what is at the bottom of
the
oceans? ”
had
to
be
answered
with
any
commercial
consequence
was
when
the
laying
of
a
telegraph
cable
from
Europe
to
America
was
proposed.
The
engineers
had
to
know
the
depth
profile of the route to estimate the
length of cable that had to be manufactured.
It
was
to
Maury
of
the
US
Navy
that
the
Atlantic
Telegraph
Company
turned,
in
1853,
for
information
on
this
matter.
In
the
1840s,
Maury
had
been
responsible
for
encouraging
voyages
during
which
soundings
were
taken
to
investigate
the
depths
of
the
North
Atlantic
and
Pacific
Oceans.
Later,
some
of
his
findings
aroused
much
popular
interest
in
his
book
The
Physical
Geography of the Sea.
The cable was laid, but not
until 1866 was the connection made permanent and
reliable. At the
early attempts, the
cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs
it was found to be covered in
living
growths, a fact which defied contemporary
scientific opinion that there was no life in the