-
Chapter 1 Introduction
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
:Computer
system
for
capturing
storing
querying
analyzing
and
displaying
geographically
referenced
data.
地理信息系统
(GIS)
是用于输入
、存储、查询、分析和显示地理参照数据的计算机系统。
phically referenced data:
Also called geospatial data, describe both
locations and characteristics of
spatial features.
地理参照数据又称地理
空间数据
,
描述空间要素的位置和特征
te
data
：描述空间要素特征的数据
4. Spatial Data
：
描
述空间要素几何特征的数据
5. Discrete fea
tures
：
指观测值不连续的要素，形成分离的实体，并可单
个地识别。
6. Continuous features
：
指观测值连续的要素
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
1. Define geographically
referenced data.
定义地理参照数据
Geographically referenced
data
are data that describe
both the locations and characteristics of spatial
features such as roads, land parcels,
and vegetation stands on the Earth’s
surface.
2. Define spatial
data and attribute
data.
定义空间数据和属性数据
Spatial data
describe the locations of spatial
features, which may be discrete or continuous.
Attribute data
describe the
characteristics of spatial features.
3.
Explain the difference between vector data and
raster data.
解释矢量数据和栅格数据之间的不同
Vector data use points and their
x-
,
y-
coordinates to represent
spatial features of points, lines, and areas.
Raster data use a grid and grid cells
to represent the spatial variation of a feature.
4. Explain the difference between the
georelational data model and the object-based data
model.
解释地
理相关数据模型和基于对象数据模型之间的
不同
The georelational data
model uses a split system to store spatial data
and attribute data. The object-based
data model stores spatial data and
attribute data in a single system.
5.
How does data exploration differ from data analysi
s
?
数据探查与数据分析有何不同
Data exploration involves the
activities of exploring the general trends in the
data, taking a close
look at data
subsets, and focusing on possible relationships
between data sets, whereas data
analysis uses GIS commands to perform
operations on data.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-choice
1. (T or F) GIS software is only one of
the components of a GIS.
①
True
√
②
False
2. Which
of the following features is a discrete feature?
①
Precipitation
②
Elevation
③
Roads
√
④
None of the above
3. Which of the following features is a
continuous feature?
①
Precipitation
②
Elevation
③
Land use
④
All of the above
⑤
a and b
only
√
4. Vector
data are better suited for representing __________
features and raster data are better suited for
representing __________ features.
①
continuous, discrete
②
discrete,
continuous
√
5. (T
or F) One can use both vector data and raster data
in a GIS project.
①
True
√
②
False
6. Which
of the following statement is not true?
1
①
The geodatabase data model
is the new data model introduced in ArcGIS.
②
The geodatabase data model
uses object-oriented technology.
③
The geodatabase data model
is built on ArcObjects.
④
None of the
above
√
7. Which
of the following represents composite features?
①
Polygons
②
TINs
√
③
Lines
④
None of the above
8. One would normally begin with
________ in a GIS project:
①
data display
②
database
construction
√
③
data analysis
④
data exploration
9. Which of the following statements is
true?
①
Shapefiles are
topology-based but coverages are not.
②
Coverages are topology-
based but shapefiles are not.
√
③
Both shapefiles and
coverages are topology-based.
10. Which
is the simplest version of ArcGIS?
①
ArcView
√
②
ArcEditor
③
ArcInfo
11.
Which of the following statements is true?
①
ArcToolbox is available in
both ArcCatalog and ArcMap.
√
②
ArcToolbox is only
available in ArcMap.
③
ArcToolbox is only
available in ArcCatalog.
④
None of the above
12. Which of the following applications
in ArcGIS Desktop is designed for data management?
①
ArcMap
②
ArcCatalog
√
13. Which of the following statements
is true about the Spatial Analyst extension to
ArcGIS?
①
The extension is
available in both ArcCatalog and ArcMap.
②
The extension is only
available in ArcMap.
√
③
The extension is only
available in ArcCatalog.
14. To open
the context menu of a data set, one should
______the data set:
①
highlight
②
right-
click
√
③
left-click
Chapter 2 Coordinate Systems
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Map Projections
：
Projecting from the
spherical shape of the Earth to the planar shape
of the map
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
is the datum important in GIS?
大地基准在
GIS
中的重要性何在？<
/p>
A datum is important in
GIS because it serves as the reference or base for
calculating the geographic
coordinates
of a location.
n the importance of map
projection.
解释地图投影的重要性
A map projection offers a couple of
advantages. First, a map projection allows us to
use two-dimensional
maps, either paper
or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map
projection allows us to work with plane or
projected coordinates rather than
longitude and latitude values. Computations with
geographic coordinates are
more complex
and yield less accurate distance measurements.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-
choice
1. (T or F) All layers to be
used together in a GIS operation should be based
on the same coordinate system.
2
①
True
√
②
False
2. Map
projection is a process of converting from
①
a three-dimensional surface
to a two-dimensional surface.
√
②
a
two-dimensional surface to a three-dimensional
surface.
③
a two-dimensional
surface to a two-dimensional surface.
④
none of the above.
3. A conformal projection preserves the
property of:
①
relative size
②
local
shapes
√
③
distances
④
none of the above
4. Which of the following statements is
true about North American Datum (NAD)?
①
NAD83 is a newer datum than
NAD27.
②
NAD83 is based on a
satellite-determined spheroid.
③
Maps based on NAD83 can
register spatially with maps based on NAD27.
④
All of the above
⑤
Only a and
b
√
5. (T or F)
When converted from NAD27 to NAD83, horizontal
shifts of point positions in the conterminous
United States can be as much as 100
meters (328 ft).
①
True
√
②
False
6. Which
of the following statements is not true about a
meridian with a scale factor of 1?
①
The meridian must be a
standard meridian.
②
There is
no projection distortion along the meridian.
③
he meridian must be the
line of 00 longitude.
√
④
None of the above.
7. The center of a map projection is
determined by the:
①
standard
parallel and standard meridian
②
standard parallel and
central meridian
③
standard
meridian and central parallel
④
central parallel and
central meridian
√
8. The secant case means that a
cylindrical projection has _____ line(s) of
tangency:
①
1
②
2
√
③
3
9. Which of
the following spheroids is ground-measured, rather
than satellite-determined?
①
Clarke1866
√
②
WGS84
③
GRS80
10. The
longitude reading of a point in Oregon should be
entered as a _______ value in a GIS package:
①
positive
②
negative
√
11. Which of the following statements
is true?
①
A coordinate
system is based on a map projection.
√
②
A
map projection is based on a coordinate system.
③
Map projection and
coordinate system are unrelated.
12.
Each UTM zone covers ______ degrees in longitude:
①
4
②
5
③
6
√
④
7
13. The two
common map projections used for the SPC (State
Plane Coordinate) system are:
①
transverse Mercator and
Albers conic equal-area
②
transverse Mercator and
Lambert conformal conic
√
3
③
Lambert conformal conic and
Albers conic equal-area
14. The central
meridian of a UTM zone has a scale factor of:
①
1
②
0.9996
√
③
0.9
④
None of the above
15. (T or F) An X-shift of -500,000
means you add 500,000 to the original X coordinate
value.
①
True
②
False
√
16. When converted from DMS to DD
units, 46030’00’’ will read:
①
46.30
②
46.50
√
③
46.70
④
none of the above
17. Which coordinate does a false
easting apply to?
①
X
√
②
Y
18. The
Geographic Coordinate Data Base (GCDB) is a
database based on the:
①
UTM
(Universal Transverse Mercator) Grid system
②
SPC (State Plane
Coordinate) system
③
PLSS
(Public Land Survey System)
√
④
None of the above
19. Which of the following coordinate
systems is treated as a predefined coordinate
system in ArcGIS?
①
UTM
(Universal Transverse Mercator)
②
STP (State Plane)
③
IDTM (Idaho Transverse
Mercator)
④
all of the above
⑤
only a and
b
√
Chapter 3
Georelational Vector Data Model
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Vector data
model
：
Uses x, y coordinates
of points to represent points, lines, areas
用点的
x, y
坐标来
代表点、线、面
Georelational data
model
：
Stores spatial and
attribute data separately with a link in a split
system
空间数据
和属性数据分别贮存在链接的分离系
统
Topology
：
Explicit
expression of spatial relationship between
features
要素空间关系的清晰表达
Composite
Features
：
Features
represented as composites of points, lines, and
areas
要素以点、线、面的
复合体表示
TIN
：
Approximates
terrain with a set of non-overlapping
triangles
用一系列不叠置三角形近似表示地形
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
the three data formats that
ESRI, Inc. has developed for vector data over the
past 20 years.
说出
ESRI
< br>公司过去
20
多年来开发的三种矢量数据格式
They are the
coverage, shapefile, and geodatabase.
georelational data model uses a split system to
store vector data. What does a split system mean?<
/p>
地理关系数据模型用独立的系统存储矢量数据。“独立的系统”表示什么意思？
A split system
stores spatial data in graphic files and attribute
data in a relational database. Typically, a
georelational data model uses the
feature label or ID to link the two components.
the three types of simple features
used in GIS and their geometric properties.
说出三种
GIS
中的
简单要素
及其几何属性
A
point
has 0 dimension and
has only the property of location. A
line
is one-dimensional and
has the
property of length. And an
area
is two-dimensional and
has the properties of area (size) and perimeter.
n the importance of topology in GIS.
阐述拓扑在
GIS
中的重要性
4
Topology is important in GIS for two
reasons. First, it ensures data quality, such as
lines meeting perfectly
and polygons
closed properly. Second, topology can enhance
certain types of GIS analysis such as geocoding
and traffic volume analysis.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-
choice
1. (T or F) The TIGER database
is topology-based.
①
True
√
②
False
2. Which
of the following is true about the vector data
model?
①
The model uses x-,
y-coordinates to store the geometry of spatial
features.
②
The model uses
points, lines, and areas to represent spatial
features.
③
The
representation of spatial features using the
vector data model depends on map scale.
④
All of the
above
√
⑤
Only a and b
3.
Which of the following topological relationships
describe the arc-node relationship?
①
Connectivity
√
②
area definition
③
contiguity
4.
Which of the following statements is not true
about the area model?
①
An
area is a two-dimensional object.
②
An area has the properties
of area and boundary.
③
An
area may form a hole within another area.
④
None of the above
√
5. (T or F) A
stream is more likely to be represented as a
single line on a 1:100,000-scale map than a
1:24,000
scale map.
①
True
√
②
False
6. Which
of the following topological relationships
describe the directions and left and right
polygons of arcs?
①
connectivity
②
area definition
③
contiguity
√
< br>
7. Which of the following objects
is not part of the vector data model?
①
point
②
line
③
area
④
volume
√
8. Which of the following is true about
a line feature?
①
A line
feature is made of line segments.
②
A line segment connects two
end points.
③
The shape of a
line segment is made of connected points.
④
All of the
above
√
⑤
Only a and b
9.
(T or F) Areas of complex topography are
represented by large triangles in a TIN.
①
True
②
False
√
10. Which of the following refer to
positions along arcs in the dynamic segmentation
model?
①
sections
√
②
routes
③
events
④
none of the above
11. (T or F) As defined the dynamic
segmentation model, a route is made of sections.
①
True
√
②
False
12. (T or
F) Shapefiles are not topology-based.
①
True
√
②
False
Chapter 4
Object
–
Based Vector Data
Model
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Object-based Data
Model
stores spatial and attribute data
together rather than in a split system
基于对象的
5
数据模型将空间数据和属性数据存储在一个系统中
Classes:
Set of objects with
similar
characteristics
一系列具有相似属性的对象
Feature class:
Stores
spatial data of the same geometry type
存储具有相同几何类型的空间数据
Feature dataset:
Stores
feature classes that share the same coordinate
system and area extent
存储具有相同
坐标系和区域范围的要素类
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
1. Explain the difference
between the georelational data model and the
object-based data model.
说明地
理
关系数据模型和基于对象数据模型的区别
The object-based data model differs
from the georelational data model in two aspects.
First, the object-based
data model
stores both the spatial and attribute data of
spatial features in a single system rather than a
split
system. Second, the object-based
data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be
associated with a set of
properties and
methods.
2. Explain the class
relationship of type
inheritance.
说出类继承中类与类之间的关系
Type inheritance defines
the relationship between a superclass and a
subclass. A subclass is a member of a
superclass and inherits the properties
and methods of the superclass.
3.
Explain the class relationship of
instantiation.
说出实例化中类与类之间的关系
Instantiation means that
an object of a class can be created from an object
of another class.
4. What is
ArcObjects?
什么是
ArcObjects?
ArcObjects is a
collection of objects, properties, and methods,
which provides the foundation for ArcGIS
Desktop.
5. Describe the
difference between the geodatabase data model and
the coverage (traditional) model in
terms of the geometric representation
of spatial features.
就空间要素的几何显示而言，
Geodatabase
数
据模型和
Coverage
模型间有何区别？
The geodatabase is similar to the
coverage model in terms of the geometric
representation of simple features.
The
difference between the two models lies mainly in
the composite features of regions and routes. The
geodatabase does not support the region
subclass and replaces the route subclass with
polylines with
m
(measure) values.
6. Explain
the relationship between geodatabase, feature
dataset, and feature class.
说明
geodatabase
、要
素数据集和要素类之间的关系<
/p>
A feature
dataset stores feature classes that share the same
coordinate system and area extent.
7.
How does a standalone feature class differ from a
feature class in a feature dataset?
一个独立
的要素类
与包含在一个要素数据集中的要素类，两者间有何区别？
A standalone feature
class does not have to share the same coordinate
system and area extent with other
feature classes.
8. Feature dataset is useful for data
management. Can you think of an example in which
you want to
organize data by feature
dataset?
要素数据集在数据管理上优势明显。请举出一个可使用要素数据集组
织数据的例子。
For example, census data sets such as
counties, census tracts, and block groups can be
stored as feature
classes in a feature
dataset called
census
.
is an interface?
什么是界面？
An interface represents a set of
externally visible operations of an object. To use
the properties and methods
of an
object, we work through an interface that has been
implemented on the object
6
10. Define the encapsulation principle
in object-oriented technology.
请说出面向对象技
术中封装性规则
的定义
Encapsulation refers to the mechanism
to hide the properties and methods of an object so
that the object can
only be accessed
through the predefined interfaces.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-choice
1. As defined by the geodatabase model,
all feature classes in a feature dataset:
①
Must have the same
coordinate system.
√
②
Must contain point
features.
③
Must contain
polygon features.
④
Must be converted from
shapefiles.
2. The geodatabase model is
based on the:
①
the
georelational data model
②
the object-oriented data
model
√
③
both the georelational data
model and the object-oriented data model
3. (T or F) One can build a geodatabase
in ArcGIS by importing coverages and shapefiles.
①
True
√
②
False
4. Which
of the following is most similar to a feature
class in the geodatabase model?
①
a shapefile
②
a coverage
③
a TIN
a polygon
coverage with region subclasses
5 A
geodatabase is denoted by the extension of _____
in ArcGIS:
①
mxd
②
mdb
√
③
prj
④
dbf
Chapter 5
Raster Data Model
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Raster Data:
Rasterization:
conversion
from vector to raster
Vectorization
: conversion of raster to vector
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
1. What are the basic elements
of the raster data
model?
栅格数据模型的基本要素是什么？
The basic elements of the
raster data model are cell value, cell size,
raster bands, and spatial reference.
2. Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the
vector data model.
请解释
栅格数据模型与
矢量数据模型相比有哪些优点？
The main advantage of the raster data
model is having fixed cell locations, which make
it easier for data
manipulation,
aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvantage
is its weakness in representing the precise
location of spatial
features.
3. Explain the
relationship between cell size, raster data
resolution, and raster representation of spatial <
/p>
features.
请解释像元大小、栅格数据分辨率和空间要素
的栅格表示三者之间的关系
A
larger cell size means a lower raster data
resolution and greater difficulty in representing
spatial features
with cells.
4. Name two examples each for integer
rasters and floating-point rasters.
请分别举
出整型栅格数据和浮
点型栅格的例子
Examples of integer rasters are land
use and soil types. Examples of floating-point
rasters are precipitation
and
elevation.
5. Explain the difference
between lossless and lossy compression methods.
请解释无损压缩和有损压缩有
何不同
7
A
lossless compression method allows the original
image to be precisely reconstructed. A lossy
compression
method cannot
reconstruct fully the original image but can
achieve high-compression ratios.
6.
What is vectorization?
什么是矢量化
Vectorization refers to the conversion of raster
data into vector data.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-choice
1. (T of F) A grid with a larger cell
size has a higher resolution than a grid with a
smaller cell size.
①
True
②
False
√
2. Raster data are described as ____-
based, and vector data are described as _____-
based.
①
object, field
②
field, object
√
③
object, object
④
field, field
3.
A vegetation grid is most likely a(n) _________
grid:
①
integer
√
②
floating point
4. Which type of grid does not have an
attribute table associated with it?
①
an integer grid
②
a floating point grid
√
③
both a and b
④
none of the above
5. (T or F) DEMs can be created from
satellite imagery.
①
True
√
②
False
6. (T or
F) Some of the newer satellite images have a
spatial resolution of 1 meter or less.
①
True
√
②
False
7. Which
data structure stores raster data as a matrix and
writes the cell values into a file by row and
column?
①
cell by
cell
√
②
run length code
③
chain code
④
quad tree
8.
Vectorization refers to the process of converting
from _____ data to _____ data:
①
raster, vector
√
②
vector, raster
③
raster, raster
④
vector, vector
9. The origin of a grid is at the
______corner of the grid:
①
upper
left
√
②
upper right
③
lower left
④
lower right
10.
If a grid has the cell resolution of 30 meters,
then a cell in the grid measures:
①
300 square meters
②
600 square meters
③
900 square
meters
√
④
none of the above
11. Which data structure stores the
cell values by row and by group?
①
cell by
cell
√
②
run length code
③
chain code
④
quad tree
12.
Which of the following resampling methods is most
complex computationally?
①
nearest neighbor
②
bilinear interpolation
③
cubic
convolution
√
13.
The process of converting a grid to a polygon
coverage is called:
①
vector
ization
√
②
rasterization
14. Integrating raster and vector data
can take place with
①
data
display
②
data
processing
③
data analysis
④
all of
above
√
15. Which
of the following resampling methods usually
results in the smoothest output?
①
nearest neighbor
②
bilinear interpolation
③
cubic
convolution
√
chapter6
、
7
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Geometric
Transformation:
Process of using a set
of control points and transformation equations to
register a
digitized map, satellite
image, or aerial photograph onto a projected
coordinate system
就是利用一系列控制
点
和转换方程式在投影坐标上配准数字化地图、卫星图像或航空照片的过程。
8
Resampling:
Resampling means
filling each pixel of new image with a value or
derived value from original
image
重采样是指以原始图像的像元值或导出值填充新图像的每个像元
Metadata:
Data about
data
描述数据的数据
Digitizing:
Digitizing is
process of converting from analog to digital forma
t
数字化是将数据由模拟格式转
化成数字格式的过程
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
be two common types of field
data that can be used in a GIS project.
描述
2
种能用于
GIS
项目的
野外数据的通用类型
Two important types of field data that
can be used in a GIS project are survey data and
global positioning
system (GPS)
data.
affine transformation
allows rotation, translation, skew, and
differential scaling. Describe each of
these transformations.
仿射变换可以
旋转、平移、倾斜和不均匀缩放，请描述各种变换
Rotation can rotate a map
’s
x
-
and
y
-axis from the origin.
Translation can shift its origin to a new
location.
Skew can allow a
nonperpendicularity (or affinity) between the
axes, thus changing its shape to a
parallelogram with a slanted direction.
And differential scaling can change the scale by
expanding or reducing
in the
x
and/or
y
direction.
3. Operationally,
an affine transformation involves three sequential
steps. What are these steps?
从操作
< br>上讲，仿射变换有三个步骤，哪三个？
Step 1: update the
x
- and
y
-coordinates of selected
control points to real-world coordinates.
Step 2: run an affine transformation on
the control points and examines the RMS error.
Step 3: use the
estimated coefficients
and the transformation equations to compute the
x
- and
y
-coordinates of map
features in
the digitized map or pixels
in the image.
be three common
resampling methods for raster
data.
试述栅格数据重采样的三种常用方法
Suppose the control points
are located at the four corner points of a USGS
quadrangle map. Even if the control
points are shifted from their true
locations, the RMS error remains unchanged as long
as the object formed by
the control
points retains the shape of a parallelogram
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-
choice
1. Which of the following
represents the neutral format for data exchange?
①
shapefile
②
Arc coverage
③
DLG
④
SDTS
√
⑤
c and d
2. Which
of the following represents a secondary data
source?
①
GPS readings
②
Satellite images
③
Paper
maps
√
3. (T or F)
Digital orthophotos do not contain image
displacement or distortion.
①
True
√
②
False
4. (T or
F) A GPS receiver can collect height in addition
to the horizontal position of a point on the
Earth’s
surface.
①
True
√
②
False
5. Which
of the following is an automatic digitizing
method?
①
digitizing using a
scanner
√
②
digitizing using a table
digitizer
③
on-screen
digitizing
6. Which of the following
digitizing methods is normally more accurate?
①
digitizing using a table
digitizer
√
②
on-screen digitizing
9
7. Which of
the following organizations is in charge of
coordinating the development of the National
Spatial
①
Data Infrastructure
(NSDI)
②
Environmental Protection
Agency
③
Federal Geographic
Data Committee
√
④
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
⑤
US
Forest Service
8. The data exchange
format that is now mandatory for federal agencies
in the United States is called:
①
DLG
②
SDTS
③
TIGER
④
VPF
√
9. COGO (Coordinate geometry) refers
to:
①
remotely sensed data
②
GPS data
③
street addresses
④
survey
data
√
10. To look
for the coordinate system of a data set, one
should look under the subheading of ______ in the
data
①
set’s
metadata
②
identification information
③
spatial data organization
information
④
spatial reference
information
√
⑤
distribution information
11. Which of the following is not true
about an interchange (.e00) file?
①
An interchange file is
created in ArcInfo.
②
An
interchange file can be converted into an ArcInfo
coverage.
③
An interchange
file can be converted into a shapefile.
④
None of the
above
√
12. (T or
F) One can create a digital map by using a text
file with x-, y-coordinates.
①
True
√
②
False
13. Which
transformation method is most commonly used in
GIS?
①
Equiarea
transformation
②
Similarity transformation
③
Affine
transformation
√
④
Topological transformation
14. Geometric transformation of a newly
digitized map normally require a minimum of ____
control points:
①
1
②
2
③
3
√
④
4
Chapter 8 Spatial Data
Editing
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
Topological
Editing
：
Ensures
that
digitized
spatial
features
follow
topological
relationships
that
are
either
built
into a data model or specified by the user
确保数字化空间要素符合拓扑关系并且这种拓扑关系或建
成一个数据模型或是用
户指定的
Map
topology
：
temporary set of
topological relationships
地图拓扑
-
拓扑关系的临时集合
Line
simplification
：
process of
simplifying or generalizing a line by removing
some of its points
通过去除一
些点来简化
或概括线的过程
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
1. Explain the difference
between location errors and topological errors.
说明定位错误和拓扑错误的差
异
Location errors such as
missing polygons or distorted lines relate to the
geometric inaccuracies of spatial
features, whereas topological errors
such as dangling lines and unclosed polygons
relate to the logical
inconsistencies
between spatial features.
2. What are
the primary data sources for
digitizing?
什么是数字化的原始数据源
Global positioning systems
(GPS) and remote sensing imagery
provide
the primary data
sources for digitizing.
These data
sources can bypass printed maps and the practice
of various methods of map generalization.
3. Explain the difference between a
dangling node and a pseudo
node.
试述悬挂节点和伪节点的不同
10
A dangling node is at the end of a
dangling arc, whereas a pseudo node appears along
a continuous line and
divides the line
unnecessarily into separate lines.
4. What is a map
topology?
什么是地图拓扑？
A map topology is a
temporary set of topological relationships between
the parts of features that are
supposed
to be coincident.
be the three basic
steps in using a topology
rule.
描述运用地图拓扑的三个基本步骤
Step 1: create a new topology by
defining the participating feature classes, the
ranks for each feature class, the
topology rule(s), and a cluster
tolerance.
Step 2: evaluate the
topology rule and creates errors indicating those
features that have violated the topology
rule.
Step 3: fix errors or
accepts errors as exceptions.
6.
Edgematching requires a source layer and a target
layer. Explain the difference between these two
types of layers.
图幅拼接需要一个源图层和
一个目标图层。解释这两种图层的区别。
Features,
typically vertices, on the source layer are moved
to match those on the target layer during the
edgematching process.
7. The
Douglas-Peucker algorithm typically produces
simplified lines with sharp angles. Why? Douglas-<
/p>
Peucker
算法产生不平滑的简化线条。为什么？
The Douglas-Peucker algorithm
connects trend lines to create simplified lines.
Because the trend lines are
straight
lines, they form sharp angles when connected.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-
choice
1. Which of the following is
true about a check plot?
①
A
check plot is a plot of a digitized map.
②
The main purpose of making
a check plot is to find digitizing errors.
③
A check plot should be
plotted at the same scale as the source map.
④
All the
above
√
2. Which
of the following can be a source of location
errors?
①
human errors in
manual digitizing
②
errors in scanning and
tracing
③
errors from
geometric transformation
④
all of the
above
√
⑤
only a and b
3.
Which of the following topological relationship
does an overshoot violate?
①
connectivity
√
②
area definition
③
contiguity
4.
Which of the following has an acceptable dangling
node?
①
a dead end
street
√
②
a street intersection
③
a loop
④
none of the above
5. (T or F) A dangling arc has the same
polygon on its right and left sides.
①
True
√
②
False
6. An
unclosed polygon will result in:
①
pseudo nodes
②
dangling
nodes
√
③
both a and b
7.
Each polygon in a polygon coverage should have
____label(s):
①
zero
②
one
√
③
two
④
three
8. (T or
F) A large fuzzy tolerance can distort features on
a digitized map.
①
True
√
②
False
9. The
Douglas-Peucker algorithm is used for:
①
line densification
②
line smoothing
③
line
simplification
√
④
line reshaping
11
10. Which of the
following operations can be accomplished by non-
topological editing?
①
Delete
features
②
Reshape
features
③
Split polygons
④
All of the
above
√
⑤
Only a and b
11.
Which of the following operations can be
accomplished by non-topological editing?
①
Merge features
②
Buffer features
③
Union features
④
All of the
above
√
⑤
Only a and c
12.
Which application in ArcGIS Desktop is designed
for spatial data editing?
①
ArcCatalog
②
ArcMap
√
③
ArcToolbox
13.
The Shared Edit tool in ArcGIS is used for:
①
editing shared polygon
boundaries
√
②
adding new vertices
③
deleting lines
④
all of the above
Chapter 9 Attribute Data Input And
Management
Part
Ⅰ：
Explanation
of Terms
ization
：
Breaking
a table down into smaller tables while maintaining
linkages to
将一个表分解成
较小的表格
,
同时保持它们之间的必要链
Part
Ⅱ：
Short
Answer
1. What is a feature attribute
table?
什么是要素属性表？
A feature attribute table is a table
associated with a vector data set, which has
access to the data set
’
s
spatial
data.
2. What is a
distributed database system? Can you think of an
example that uses a distributed database
system?
什么是分布式数据库系统？你可以想出一个应
用分布式数据库系统的例子吗？
A distributed database system consists
of a server and clients. A client sends a request
to the server, retrieves
data from the
server, and processes the data on the local
computer. [An example of a distributed database
system may be found in a national
forest, where the server is located at the
headquarter office and the clients
are
GIS users located at various ranger district
offices.]
3. Describe the four types of
attribute data by measurement scale.
描述基
于量测标尺概念的四种属性数
据类型
Nominal data
describe different kinds or different
categories of data. Ordinal data
differentiate data by a
ranking relationship. Interval
data
have known intervals
between values. And ratio data
are the same as
interval
data except that ratio data are based on a
meaningful, or absolute, zero value.
4.
Can you convert ordinal data into interval data?
Why, or why not?
你能把有序数据转成区间数据
吗？为什么？
One
cannot convert ordinal data into interval data
because ordinal data do not have known intervals
between
values, which are required for
interval data.
5. Define a
relational
database.
说说关系数据库的定义
A relational
database
is a collection of
tables, also called relations, which can be
connected to each other by
keys.
6. Explain the advantages of a
relational database.
解释关系数据库的优点
A relational database has two
distinctive advantages. First, each table in the
database can be prepared,
maintained,
and edited separately from other tables. Second,
the tables can remain separate until a query or an
analysis requires that attribute data
from different tables be linked
together.
12
7. Explain the similarity, as well as
the difference, between a join operation and a
relate operation.
解释
合并操作与关联操作
的相似性和差异性
A join
operation brings together two tables by using a
key that is common to both tables, and a relate
operation temporarily connects two
tables but keeps the tables physically separate.
The two types of operations
are similar
in that they both link tables together, but they
differ in terms of how the linkage is performed.
Part
Ⅲ：
Single-
choice
1. Each map feature in an
attribute table is represented by a:
①
field
②
column
③
record
√
④
item
2. Data
that can be differentiated by a ranking
relationship are called:
①
nominal data
②
ordinal
data
√
③
interval data
④
ratio data
3.
Which of the following is not considered a data
type?
①
date
②
degree
√
③
number
④
character
4. The
simplest data relationship for GIS operations is:
①
one-to-one
relationship
√
②
one-to-many relationship
③
many-to-one relationship
④
many-to-many relationship
5. (T or F) The width used in a field
definition should accommodate the largest number
or the longest string in
the data.
①
True
√
②
False
6. Which
of the following is not true about the relational
database model?
①
A key is
needed to relate two files.
②
Attribute values can be
numeric or character.
③
A
database can be made of separate data files.
④
None of the above.
7. Data grouped into different
categories are called:
①
nominal
data
√
②
ordinal data
③
interval data
④
ratio data
8.
Which of the following operation can create new
attribute data from existing data?
①
data classification
②
data query
③
data computation
④
a and c
⑤
b and c
9. Which
of the following is potentially a major drawback
of normalization?
①
slowing
down of data access
√
②
running out of primary and
foreign keys
③
missing tables
④
none of the above
10. (T or F) ArcGIS can import
attribute data from dBASE and ASCII files.
①
True
√
②
False
11. (T or
F) ArcGIS can work with both internal and external
databases.
①
True
√
②
False
12. In
ArcGIS, domain is considered to be a property of:
①
a feature class
②
a feature dataset
③
a
geodatabase
√
13.
If you have 3 tables to be linked, how many
relates do you need to establish?
①
1
②
2
√
③
3
④
4
13
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