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Unit 4
Text A
|
工作、劳动和玩耍
Work, Labor, and Play
威斯坦
·
H·
奥登
Preface
We go to work every day and we think we
are workers. However, after reading Auden's
discussion
about work, labor, and play,
the majority of us may find that we are no longer
we then?
就我所知，汉娜
·
阿伦特小姐是界定工作和劳动之间本质区别的第一人。一个人要想快乐，
第一要有自由感，
第二要确信自己有价值。
如果社会迫
使一个人去做他自己不喜欢的事，
或
者说，
他所喜欢做的事被社会忽视，
看作没有价值或不重要，
那他
就不会真正快乐。在一个
严格意义上已废除奴隶制的社会里，
一
个人做的事情是否具有社会价值取决于他是否为完成
此项工作得到了报酬。
然而，
今天的劳动者可以被称为名副其实的工资奴隶。
如果社会给一
个人提供一份他本人不感兴趣的工作，
他出于养
家糊口的需要不得已才从事这项工作，
那这
个人就是一个劳动者
。
So
far
as
I
know,
Miss
Hannah
Arendt
was
the
first
person
to
define
the
essential
difference
between work and labor. To be happy, a
man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly,
important. He
cannot be really happy if
he is compelled by society to do what he does not
enjoy doing, or if what
he enjoys doing
is ignored by society as of no value or
importance. In a society where slavery in
the strict sense has been abolished ,
whether what a man does has social value depends
on whether
he is paid money to do it,
but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage
slave. A man is a laborer
if
the
job
society
offers
him
is
of
no
interest
to
himself
but
he
is
compelled
to
take
it
by
the
necessity
of earning a living and supporting his family.
与劳动相对的是玩耍。玩游戏时，我们能从中得到乐
趣，否则就不会玩这个游戏。但这完
全是一种私人的活动，我们玩不玩这
个游戏社会是不会关注的。
The opposite to
labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what
we are doing, otherwise we
should not
play it, but it is a purely private activity;
society could not care less whether we play it
or not.
处在劳动和玩耍之间的是工作。
如果一个人对社会为他支付报酬的工作感兴趣，
他就是一个
< br>工作者。
从社会角度看是必需的劳动在他自己看来却是自愿的玩耍。
一个职位是劳动还是工
作，
并不取决于这个职位本身
，
而是取决于占据这个职位的个人自己的情趣。
这种差异与体<
/p>
力劳动和脑力劳动之间的差异并不吻合。
譬如，
< br>一个园丁或者鞋匠也许就是一个工作者，
而
一个银行职员
则可能是一个劳动者。
一个人是工作者还是劳动者可以从他对闲暇的态度上看
出来。对于一个工作者来说，闲暇不过是他需要放松、休息从而进行有效工作的几个小时，
所以，
他可能只有少量的闲暇，
而不会有大量的
空闲。工作者可能会死于心脏病，
并会忘记
自己妻子的生日。而
对于劳动者来说，闲暇就意味着摆脱强制，所
以，他自然会想
象：他
不得不花费在劳动上的时间越少，而自由自在地玩耍的时间越多，那才越好。
Between labor and play stands
work. A man is a worker if he is personally
interested in the job
which society
pays him to do; what from the point of view of
society is necessary labor is from his
own point of view voluntary play .
Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work
depends, not
on the job itself, but on
the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
The difference does not, for
example,
coincide with the difference between a manual and
a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler
may
be
a
worker,
a bank
clerk
a
laborer.
Which a
man
is
can
be
seen
from
his
attitude
toward
leisure. To a worker,
leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax
and rest in order to work
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.
efficiently. He is therefore more
likely to take too little leisure than too much;
workers die of heart
attacks and forget
their wives' birthdays. To the laborer, on the
other hand, leisure means freedom
from
compulsion , so that it is natural for him to
imagine that the fewer hours he has to
spend
laboring, and the more hours he
is free to play, the better.
在一个现代化的技术社
会里，
总人口中有多大比例的人能够像我一样有幸成为工作者呢？我
估计大概有
16
％，而
且，我认为这个数字将来也不会增加。
What
percentage
of
the
population
in
a
modern
technological
society
are,
like
myself,
in
the
fortunate
position of being workers? At a guess I would say
sixteen per cent, and I do not think
that figure is likely to get bigger in
the future.
技术和劳动的分工成就了两件事：
通
过在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要，
把过去本
来令人愉
快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动；
通过提高生产力，
缩短了劳动所
需的时间。
已经可以想象出这样一个社会：其
人口的大多数，
也就是其中的劳动者们，
将会
< br>享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。当人们回想起过去贵族们的举止行为
< br>时，前景并非乐观。的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决
“
无聊
”
这个问题，也许
比
过去的贵族们要困难得多。后者（贵族们）把他们的时间都仪式化了，譬如，有打松鸡的
季节，
有在城镇消磨的季节等等。
广大民众更有可能以时尚来取
代一成不变的仪式，
而时尚
将会为了某些人的经济利益频繁地变
化。
再者，广大民众也不会再去狩猎，
因为，
< br>要不了多
久可供猎取的动物就没有了。至于贵族们其他的消遣项目，比如赌博、<
/p>
决斗和战争，人们可
以轻而易举地从危险驾驶、
< br>吸食毒品和毫无理性的暴力行为中找到同样的乐趣。
工作者很少
< br>从事暴力活动，
他们可以把自己的
“
敌对心理
”
用在工作上，不管是工匠的体力活，
还是科学
家、艺术家的脑力活。
“
敌对心理
”
在脑力劳动中的
作用可以在
“
紧紧咬住问题
”
这个短语里得
到恰如其分的表达。
Technology and the division of labor
have done two things: by eliminating in many
fields the need
for
special
strength
or
skill,
they
have
made
a
very
large
number
of
paid
occupations
which
formerly were
enjoyable work into boring labor, and by
increasing productivity they have reduced
the number of necessary laboring hours.
It is already possible to imagine a society in
which the
majority of the population,
that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as
much leisure as in earlier
times
was
enjoyed
by
the
aristocracy .
When
one
recalls
how
aristocracies
in
the
past
actually
behaved, the
prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of
dealing with boredom may be even
more
difficult for such a future mass society than it
was for aristocracies. The latter, for example,
ritualized
their
time;
there
was
a
season
to
shoot
grouse
,
a
season
to
spend
in
town,
etc.
The
masses
are
more
likely
to
replace
an
unchanging
ritual
by
fashion
which
changes
as
often
as
possible in the economic
interest of certain people. Again, the masses
cannot go in for hunting ,
for
very
soon
there
would
be
no
animals
left
to
hunt.
For
other
aristocratic
amusements
like
gambling , dueling ,
and warfare , it may be only too easy to find
equivalents in dangerous driving,
drug-
taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers
seldom commit acts of violence, because they
can put their aggression into their
work, be it physical like the work of a smith , or
mental like the
work of a scientist or
an artist. The role of aggression in mental work
is aptly expressed by the
phrase
Text B
职业或事业的选择
Choosing an
Occupation or Career
杰拉尔德
·
科里
Preface
Choosing
an
occupation
is
an
important
decision.
When
making
a
decision
such
as
this,
it
is
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essential
to
look
critically
at
yourself,
and
examine
your
values,
interests,
abilities,
etc.
The
following text provides
you with some insightful advice on the
factors worth considering when
choosing
an occupation or career.
你想从工作中得到什么？在选择
职业或行业时，
你最看重的因素是什么？我在一所大学职业
咨询
中心的工作中发
现，许多学生没有认真考虑过他们为什么选择
某一职业。对于一些人
来说，
他们择业的主要原因是来自父母的
压力或鼓励。
另一些人则把当律师、
工程师或医生
理想化了。我指导过的许多人在决定职业时，没有审视过自己认为最有价值的东西是什么，
也没有考虑过在选定的职业中，
是否能够实现这些价值。
< br>在选择职业，
或者对过去选择的职
业进行评估
时，你也许会考虑哪些因素真正对你最有意义。
What
do
you
expect
from
work?
What
factors
do
you
give
the
most
attention
to
in
selecting
a
career or an occupation? In my work at
a university counseling center I've discovered
that many
students haven't really
thought seriously about why they are choosing a
given vocation. For some,
parental
pressure
or
encouragement
is
the
major
reason
for
their
choice.
Others
have
idealized
views
of
what
it
will
be
like
to
be
a
lawyer,
engineer,
or
doctor.
Many
people
I've
counseled
regarding career
decisions haven't looked at what they value the
most and whether these values
can
be
attained
in
their
chosen
vocation.
In
choosing
your
vocation
or
evaluating
the
choices
you've made
previously , you may want to consider which
factors really mean the most to you.
选择
职业不是一个孤立的事件，而是一个历时较长的过程。从事职业发展研究的人员发现，
在
选择职业，
或者更典型的是，
在选择自己将会从事的几种职业时
，
大多数人都会经历一系
列不同的阶段。在职业选择决策过程中
，下列因素显然是重要的：自我概念、兴趣、能力、
价值观、职业态
度、社会经济地位、父母的影响、种族身份、性别以及身
体、智力、情感
和社交方面的缺陷等。
让我们考虑一下与择业有关的一些因素，
要牢记职业选择是一个过程，
< br>而不是一个孤立的事件。
我们将审视在事业选择时的自我概念、职业态度、
能力、
兴趣及价
值观所起的作用。
Making vocational choices is a
process that spans a considerable period of time,
rather than an
isolated event.
Researchers in career development have found that
most people go through a series
of
stages in choosing the occupation or, more
typically
, occupations that they will
follow. The
following
factors
have
been
shown
to
be
important
in
determining
a
person's
occupational
decision-making
process:
self-concept
,
interests,
abilities,
values,
occupational
attitudes,
socio-economic
level, parental influence, ethnic identity,
gender, and physical, mental, emotional,
and
social
handicaps.
Let's
consider
some
of
these
factors
related
to
career
decision
making,
keeping
in
mind
that
vocational
choice
is
a
process,
not
an
event.
We'll
look
at
the
role
of
self-concept,
occupational attitudes, abilities, interests, and
values in choosing a career.
|
自我概念
|
Self-Concept
在事业发展方面，一些作家认为，
职业选择是实现一个人自我概念的一种努力。譬如：
自我
概念弱
的人，不大会想到自己能得到一份有意义或重要的工作。他们也许胸无大
志，因而
所取得的成就也会平淡无奇。他们也许会选择一种自己并不喜欢或无
法从中得到满足的工
作，
而且会一直做下去。
< br>他们之所以这样做是基于一种信念：
这项工作是他们自身价值的全
部。在这一点上，选择职业可以被认为是我们把自己定位为某类人的公开宣言。
Some writers in career development
believe that a vocational choice is an attempt to
fulfill one's
self-concept. People with
a poor self-concept, for example, are not likely
to picture themselves in
a
meaningful
or
important
job.
They
are
likely
to
keep
their
ambitions
low,
and
thus
their
achievements
will
probably
be
low
also.
They
may
select
and
remain
in
a
job
that
they
do
not
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