-
标准
Chapter VIII
Verbal Intercultural Communication (I)
Ⅰ
Teaching Objectives
1.T
o understand how language
and culture closely linked
2.T
o perceive the vital role
of verbal codes in intercultural communication as
well as
the important relationships
among language, thought, culture, and behavior
Ⅱ
Leading in
Ⅲ
Teaching
Procedures
Step1
Have students listen
to the lead-in case
Meanings of Words
Ask students warming-up
questions:
?
What are connotational meanings?
?
What
’
s the
connotation of the word
“
moon
”
in Chinese?
?
What
’
s the
connotation of the word
“
moon
”
in English?
?
What is the
relationship between language and culture?
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Step2
8.1 Language and culture
?
Verbal
intercultural communication
Verbal
intercultural
communication
happens
when
people
from
different
cultural
backgrounds communicate with each other by using
language.
?
Relationship between language and
culture
Mastering all those
rules of language
，
such as
phonology, morphology, syntax
and
semantics, is still not enough for effective
communication, for language and
culture
cannot be are intertwined, shaping each other.
8.1.1 Culture and Word
Meaning
1. Word differences
are obvious in various languages. The relation
between word
and its meaning is
arbitrary. For example, we live in a
house
in English, we also
live
in a
casa
in
Spanish and we still live in a
ban
in Thai.
2. Corresponding Chinese words cannot
always explain the English words.
a. Words with different associated
meanings
Language reflects the
environment we
live
in,
history,
custom,
values and
so
on,
which are diverse in different
cultures. So words that refer to the same object
may
have
different
associated
（联想的）
meanings.
The
culturally-loaded
words
and
expressions are good
examples showing the cultural influence on the
meanings of
words.
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Chinese
word
凤凰
English
word
phoenix
Associated
Chinese
meaning
in
Associated
meaning
in
English
symbol
of
fortune
and
symbol of renascence
queen
龙
蝙蝠
dragon
bat
symbol of emperor
symbol of fortune
symbol of
evil
symbol of evil
Phoenix(
凤凰
)
English
Chinese
English
Dragon(
龙
)
Chinese
English
Bat(
蝙蝠
)
Chinese
l
b. Words without counterpart in another
language
Language
reflects
culture,
and
cultural
diversity
leads
to
the
lack
of
vocabulary
equivalence,
concept equivalence and experience equivalence.
Therefore, there are
a
lot
of
words
that
we
fail
to
find
the
counterparts
in
another
language.
For
example, the English
word
“
hippies
”
,
“
motel
”
,
we cannot find
exact counterpart
in Chinese.
American
Hippies in the 1960s
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c. Confusing translation
Cultural distinctions lead
to different connotations, so some expressions are
really
confusing when translated. For
example:
“单位”
—
“
unit
”
;
“
equalitarian
”
—
“平
均主义
/
平等主义”
,
“
materialism
”
—
“物质主义
/
唯物主义”
.
Chinese Words
Confusing
translation
单位
unit
A thing, person or
group that is regarded as
one single
whole part of something larger.
物质主义
/
唯物主义
materialism
(1)
The
belief
that
money
and
possessions
rather than
things of the mind such as art or
religion.
(2)
The
belief
that
only
physical
things really
exist.
平均主义
/
平等主义
equalitarian
The
belief
that
everyone
is
equal
and
has
the same
chance to do something.
d.
Proverbs
Proverbs
are
fruits
of
wisdom.
Proverbs
reflect
religion,
morality,
values,
and
life
experience. Chinese culture has been
greatly influenced by Confucian philosophy
emphasizing
the
social
relationships.
In
contrast,
there
are
more
proverbs
describing the
preference of independence, freedom and self-
fulfillment in western
English
words
’
Connotation
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culture.
Confucius
Self-fulfillment
Freedom
Independence
8.1.2 Culture and the Way of Saying
Things
People, from different cultural
backgrounds, speak different languages in
different
ways.
1. Forms of
address
The forms of address in every
language reflect social status of the speaker, of
the
addressee, or of the relation
between them. Traditional Chinese culture is based
on
the
family-based
social
structure.
Under such cultural
background,
kinship
terms
have extended and
generalized usage. Social status and hierarchy
weigh greatly in
Chinese culture. In
that case, people use such way
“
surname+profession or
title
”
as formal
address, while the westerners seldom use these
addresses.
2. Greetings and
farewells
Chinese
culture
is
relation-oriented.
Maintaining
or
promoting
relation
calls
for
something interpersonal, so it is quite
acceptable in China to greet each other by
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asking private questions, while English
people have a very strong sense of privacy.
“
Good-
bye
”
or
“
Bye-
Bye
”
is
acceptable both in English and Chinese, and it is
a
very formal way. English people also
say
“
See
you
”
,
“
See you
later
”
,
“
Good
night
”
,
and
“
Have a
nice
day
”
.
Those
expressions
convey
less
personal
concerns
than
Chinese routines such
as
“
Walk
slowly
”
,
“
Stay
longer
”
.
3. Compliments and responses to
compliments
Compliments
and
praises
are
of
great
social
functions.
Concerning
compliments
and compliment
responses, the pragmatic rules are various in
different cultures. In
American
culture,
the
topic
of
compliments
can
be
varied.
Their
response
to
compliments is positive. Chinese people
are shy to compliment others and also shy
to accept compliments.
4.
Taboos and
euphemism
Taboo refers to some words or
actions that are avoided by a particular group of
people, or in certain culture for
religious or social reasons. Euphemism means the
act of substituting a mild, indirect,
or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt,
or offensive.
Case Analysis: Commonly-Believed
Traditional British Superstitions and Taboos
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What are the differences between
Chinese and British Superstitions and taboos in
this case?
Falling star
Four-leaf
clover
Cricket
Mirror
Black cat
8.2 Culture and Communication Style
Culture
influences the
style
of
communication at
great
level.
When
we
are
in
an
unfamiliar country, it is wise to watch
and learn the way native people communicate
first.
8.2.1
Culture and Conversation
Pattern
1. When to talk
2. What to say
3. Turn-
taking conventions
8.2.2 Direct vs.
Indirect Communication Style
1. Direct communication style
With direct communication style,
speaker expresses his
intention
（
need and
desire
）
openly
and
directly.
Direct
styles
are
often
used
in
low-
context,
individualistic
cultures. Verbal precision and self-
expression are valued.
2. Indirect
communication style
In
an
indirect
communication
style,
which
is
often
seen
in
high-context
and
collectivistic
cultures,
speakers
usually
hide
or
hint
their
intentions
during
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interaction.
Case Analysis: Conflicts between Direct
and Indirect Communication style
?
What are the
interpretations of Michiko on
Jim
’
s words?
?
Why do they
have the conflicts during communication?
8.2.3 Elaborate, Exacting,
and Succinct Communication Style
The
elaborate,
exacting,
or succinct
communication
style
deals
with
the
quantity
and /or volume
of talk.
1. Elaborate communication
style
2. Exacting communication style
3. Succinct communication style
8.2.4 Personal and Contextual
Communication Style
People
tend to
use
personal
communication
style
in
individualistic
culture,
while
contextual style is
employed more often in collectivist culture.
1. Personal
communication style
The personal
communication style amplifies the individual
identity of the speaker.
2. Contextual
communication style
A
contextual
style
stresses
one
’
s
role
identity
and
status.
The
Japanese
use
a
contextual
style,
and
their
language
includes
an
elaborate
system
of
honorifics.
Honorifics are
linguistic forms that communicate respect
according to one
’
s rank
and the rank of the people they speak
to.
Case Analysis: Japanese Workers Get
Word from on High :Drop Formality
?
What kind of
communication style traditional Japanese workers
use?
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?
What
causes
the
Japanese
workers
mentioned
in
the
case
to
drop
formality
during
communication with each other?
Japanese tea ceremony
Japanese
honorifics
Chrysanthemum
blades
&
Vibrant
8.2.5 Instrumental and Affective
Communication Style
It is
certain that communication is a way to realize
communicators
’
goal or mission.
And
communication is instrumental.
1.
Instrumental communication style
An
instrumental communication style as sender-based
and goal-outcome based.
2. Affective
communication style
An affective
communication style is receiver and process
oriented.
Case Analysis: Instrumental
and Affective Communication Style
?
Why did Mr.
Benton want to get down to business directly?
?
Why did -Ching
seem not to value time and work?
?
Can you analyze
the communication styles of the two persons in
this case?
Step3
Interpreting Culture
Through Popular Sayings
1
．
活动目
的：
通过常用语了解文化：学习英语习语，解析习语中反映的价值观念。增加语
言知识，了解习语中暗含的文化价值观念；比较中、英差别，比较中英价值观的异同。
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2
．
活动过程描述
步骤一：
学习下列习语，解释习语反映的价值观念。
Take a look at the popular sayings
listed below. What might they suggest about U.S.
American values and beliefs? Write your
answer next to the statement on the right.
Popular saying or impression
What value(s) is being
emphasized?
1.
If
at
first
you
don't
succeed,
try,
try
again.
2. God
help the one who help himself.
3. Make
yourself at home.
4. Don't blame me!
5. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.
6. Where there's a will there's a way.
7. T
alk is cheap.
8. It
’
s no big
deal.
9. What's the bottom line?
10. What's up?
参考答案
常用习语、俗语和谚语
汉语意思
强调的价值观念和信仰
要有百折不挠，坚持到底
的信心。
个人主义，自力更生
1.
If
at
first
you
don
’
t
如果你最初没有成功，务必再
succeed, try,
try again.
试试；失败是成功之母
2.
God
help
the
one
who
天助自助者。
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help himself.
3. Make
yourself at home.
不必拘谨，随随便便，就像在
< br>你自己家里一样
不拘礼仪，
人人平等。有
些其他文化的人听到这句
话时不明白其含义，以至
于不知所措。
4.
Don
’
t blame me!
不要责怪我；不是我的错
美国文化强
调个人的责任
感，但是美国人也常常为
出现在自己身上的问题找
其他原因，然后说：
“看，
不是我的错
！
”
5. The squeaky
wheel gets
吱吱叫的轱辘常上油；会哭的
the
grease.
孩子有奶吃
抱
怨
并
指
出
问
题
受
到
鼓
励，因为这可以改善我们
的生活和生活用品。在美
国，改善和改变受到高度
重视，抱怨并提出建议的
人会受到注意。如果你保
持沉默、逆来顺受，你永
远
不会得到帮助。
6.
Where
there
’
s
a
will
有志者，事竟成
there
’
s a way.
坚持不懈非常重要，只要
个人愿意努力，就可以成
< br>就大业。
7. T
alk
is cheap.
耍嘴皮子；说来容易，做起来
重要的是行
动。
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难
8. It
’
s no big
deal.
没什么大不了
强
调
回
避
冲
突
和
淡
化
问
题。在美国各个地区这一
点有不同的表现。
9.
What
’
s
the
bottom
底线是什么？
line?
10. What
’
s up?
有什么新鲜事吗？
关注结果，通常是关于金
钱。
非正式的。当你看到某人
或碰巧遇到某人时，结识
他们的重要性。
步骤二：
检查
学生找到的答案，讨论答案中反映的价值观念。
步骤三：
教师鼓励学生找
出更多的习语，写道黑板上并讲解含义，与同学讨论习语中蕴涵的文
化价值观念。
步骤四：
教师引
导学生思考：
为什么习语反映的价值观会相互矛盾？例如：
“<
/p>
Silence is
golden.
”
与“
The
squeaky wheel gets the
grease.
”
步骤五：
教师引导学生找出中国文化
中表达上述练习中相似意义的习惯用语，并与英语中相应
的表达方式进行比较。
步骤六：
教师引导学生就下列问题进行讨论：
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（
1
）
你经常用到的习语有哪些？通过了解这些习语，
你对其所在文化及这
一文化中
的人有何印象？
（
2
）
你从这一课堂活动中学到了什么？
Step4
Homework and After-
class activities
?
Write
a
paper
describing
the
differences
of
communication
style
between
Chinese people and
American people.
?
Surf on the Internet to collect more
culturally-loaded words.
Step 5
Test Your
Socio-communicative Orientation/Style
Instrument
The following
questionnaire lists twenty personality traits.
Indicate the degree
to which you
believe each of these characteristics applies to
you, as you normally
communicate with
others, by marking whether you (5) strongly agree
that it applies,
(4)
agree
that
it
applies,
(3)
are
undecided,
(2)
disagree
that
it
applies,
or
(1)
strongly disagree that it applies.
There are no right or wrong answers. Work quickly;
record your first impression.
____l
____s own beliefs
____ndent
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____sive to
others
____ul
____ strong
personality
____hetic
____sionate
____ive
____ive to the needs of others
____nt
____e
____
____g to take a stand
____
____
____ly
____
as a leader
____sive
____itive
Scoring:
Items
2,3,5,6,9,11,14,18,19
and
20
measure
assertiveness.
Add
the
scores on these items to
get your assertiveness score. Scores above 40
indicate that
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