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第一套
Sample Answer
The
term
effort
describes
a
behavioral
pattern
that
the
more
effort
a
person needs to put into an activity,
the less likely they will engage in that activity
in
the
future
and
vice
versa.
The
professor
gives
an
example
of
how
kindergarten
children were unwilling to put away
their crayons after the drawing class. Because
the container was too small for the
kids to put in their crayons, the effort required
to complete this task was too high for
the kids. After replacing the container with a
much bigger one all the kids were able
to complete what the teacher asked them to
do. The professor's example shows that
by reducing the barriers a child needs to go
through in order to complete a task, a
teacher or parent is in fact able to motivate
the child to do things or make habits
that are important in life.
第二套第一个
Sample Answer
underestimate the time
required to complete a task due to their optimism,
even if
they
have
prior
experience
of
similar
tasks.
The
professor
in
the
lecture
used
his
personal
example
in
college
to
show
how he
fell into
this
fallacy
He
considered himself a fast writer and
didn't begin working on his paper until the day
before
deadline,
even
though
his
professor
assigned
the
paper
two
months
in
advance. As a result, he couldn't
gather enough resources for his paper in time and
the
library
was
closed
late
at
night.
He had
to
ask
his
professor
to
grant
him an
extension for this assignment, which
affected his final grade. In sum, the professor
failed to account for all the potential
problems when planning for his paper and
assumed everything would go as smoothly
as he imagined.
第二套第二个
Sample Answer
shift the audience's
attention away from the original object of
attention. It is often
used
in
media
or
by
politicians
for
political
lobbying
and
propaganda.
The
professor used an example he came
across on TV to show how a city governor at a
debate used this diversion technique to
make his point. Governor B was in favor of
building
a
park
in
the
city
so
throughout
the
debate
he
only
talked
about
the
benefits of constructing this park
while making no mention of the real subject that
concerned all policy makers and
audience, that is, the taxpayers' money. By using
this technique Governor B could
persuade his audience that building the park in
the city was necessary and make them
ignore the financial problems.
第三套
Sample Answer
Deimatic
posture
describes
the
phenomenon
that
some
animals
would
display
frightening changes in their appearance
or behavior to scare away their predators.
The professor uses the example of
springbok to show how their special jumps can
bluff
their
predators
away
and
create
an
opportunity
for
them
to
escape
from
a
dangerous
situation. Springbok usually do their special
jumps when they are scared.
When
springbok
pronk,
they
can
jump
as
high
as
three
point
five
meters.
It
is
meant
to
signal
their
predators
m
go
after
other
weaker
animals.
Also
when
springbok jump, they release a special
hormone so that their predators can chase
after the smell. This gibes springbok a
chance to run away from their predators.
第四套
Sample Answer
Information bias is a biased evaluation
of information. People need information to
make a decision but some people would
overvalue the need for information and
become very hesitant in taking an
action. As a result, by the time they are
ready to
make a decision
based on sufficient information they require,
their decision is no
longer
needed.
The
professor
talks
about
his
personal
experience
years
ago
to
show how his decision was also affected
by this information bias. He came across a
highly
qualified
candidate
for
a
research
assistant
position
but
he
continued
to
interview other candidates. By the time
he decided the first candidate was the most
qualified
for
the
position
it
was
already
too
into
because
the
candidate
took
another job offer.
第五套
Sample Answer
Outcome
dependency
describes
a
tendency
in
human
behavior
to
favor
people
who have the
potential to help us succeed in our goal so that
we can have more
confidence
in
achieving
our
goal.
The
professor
in
the
lecture
talks
about
an
experiment to show how outcome
dependency works on us. They showed a video
of a salesperson to two different
groups at an orifice equipment supply company.
The first group was formed by employees
from the operations department and the
second
one
was
by
salespeople
at
the
company.
As
a
result,
people
in
the
first
group felt indifferent to the man in
the video while people in the second group find
the
person
in
the
video likeable and
very
qualified.
The
example
shows
that
the
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