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《动物营养学报》英文论文格式模板
Effects of Dietary Energy Level on
Growth Performance and Carcass
Composition of
Wujin
Pigs
ZHANG Xi
ZHAO Su-mei
GE
Chang-rong
LAI Hua
LI Chang-qiang
GAO Shi-zheng
?
(
Yunnan Key Laboratory of
Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan
Agricultural University, Kunming
650201,
China
)
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Abstract:
(Objective)
The aim of the
present study was to investigate the effects of
dietary digestible energy levels on
growth performance and carcass
composition in
Wujin
pigs,
and to investigate the most suitable dietary
energy density
for maximum growth
potential and best carcass composition using the
fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model.
(
Method)
The experimental approach was by single
factor random allotment. Ninety pigs were randomly
allotted into five groups
of 18, and
fed diets containing 14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36
and 11.74 MJ/kg of digestible energy.
(
Result)
Results showed
that the
daily gain was reduced and the feed gain ratio
increased gradually with reduction in dietary
energy levels. No
significant
differences were found in the groups at body
weight of 15
～
30 kg
(
P
>0.05). At the body weight
of 60 and
100 kg, lean meat weight,
lean meat ratio and loin eye area were increased,
but fat weight, fat percentage and back fat
thickness were decreased with reduction
in dietary energy levels. From the fitting curve,
the most suitable dietary energy
levels
for best growth performance at body weights of
15
～
30 kg,
30
～
60 kg and
60
～
100 kg were 14.01, 13.15
and
12.98
MJ/kg,
respectively.
Using
lean
meat
ratio,
back
fat
thickness
and
loin
eye
area
to
represent
the
carcass
composition, the
optimal dietary energy densities were 11.13, 11.36
and 11.71 MJ/kg at 15
～
30 kg,
30
～
60 kg and
60
～
100 kg, respectively.
(
Conclusion)
Optimum
dietary energy levels were 13.55, 12.81 and 13.20
MJ/kg for a combination
of
growth
performance and carcass composition.
Key words:
Digestive energy;
Growth performance; Carcass composition;
Wujin
pigs
Wujin
pigs is a typical
Chinese local breed in
Yunnan
province and its
feeding is based on the availability of natural
resources in the local area.
Wujin
pigs grows slowly and
its body fat is high, but its meat is very good,
especially in its
Date recerved:
2007-12-22
Financial support:
Key
Project of Yunnan Natural Science Foundation
(2005C0008Z)
Author
information:
ZHANG
Xi,
professor,
major
in
animal
nutrition
and
feed
science.
E-mail
:
zhangxi_km@
?
Corresponding author:
GAO Shi-zheng,
professor, major in animal nutrition. E-mail:
gaoszkm@
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content of
intramuscular fat which is higher than that in
other breeds of pigs. Traditionally, it is an
ideal material for
producing the high
quality
Xuanwei
ham in
China
[1-2]
. Efforts have
been made to hybridize this Chinese local pigs
breed
with
foreign
breeds
to
improve
growth
performance
and
to
obtain
the
best
carcass
traits,
but
there
has
been
limited
research in the traditional feeding
model. To improve the feeding model, therefore, it
is necessary to investigate the most
suitable dietary energy levels for
Wujin
pigs, based on the
Chinese Feeding Standard for Local
Pigs
[3]
and NRC
(1998)
[4]
.
This
study used fitting curves and fuzzy comprehensive
evaluation to investigate dietary energy levels
for best growth
performance and carcass
composition.
1 MATERIALS AND METHODS
1.1 Experimental design
The experiment
was designed by single factor random allotment.
Ninety
Wujin
pigs with an
initial live weight of
(
15±?
1
.
51) kg were
divided into 5 dietary treatment groups based on
different dietary energy content and crude protein
content (18%, 16% and 14%) at three
growing finishing stages
(15
～
30 kg,
30
～
60 kg , and
60
～
90 kg body weight).
1.2 Pigs and Housing
All experimental procedures were
approved by the
Yunnan
Agricultural University Committee on Laboratory
Animal
Care.
Groups
of
six
pigs
were
housed
in
one
pen
with
a
half
slatted
floor
in
an
insulated
but
unheated
shed
at
the
research station of
Yunnan
Agricultural
University. The pigs were fed twice daily at 08:00
and 15:30, respectively.
1.3 Diets
The five dietary
energy densities were derived from recommendations
of the
Chinese
Feeding
Standard for Local
Breed
Pigs
[3]
(group III, DE:
12.98 MJ/kg) and the United States NRC
(1998)
[4]
(group I, DE:
14.22 MJ/kg). The other
groups
completed the series with increments of 0.62
MJ/kg; i.e., the dietary energy levels of group
Ⅰ
to group
Ⅴ
were
14.22,
13.60,
12.98,
12.36
and
11.74
MJ/kg,
respectively.
Composition
and
calculated
nutrient
contents
of
the
experimental diets are presented in
Table 1.
1.4 Growth performance
The
feed
intake
was
recorded
daily.
The
pigs
were
weighed
monthly,
and
at
the
beginning
and
the
end
of
the
experiment. The average
daily gain and the feed gain ratio were
calculated.
1.5 Carcass composition
Six
pigs from each group were slaughtered at 30, 60
and 100 kg body weight. The pigs were fasted for
24 h before
being slaughtered and
weighed. Different parts of the carcass were
separated and measured including loin eye area,
back
fat
thickness,
lean
meat
weight,
fat
weight,
bone
weight,
skin
weight
so
that
the
slaughter
percentage,
lean
meat
percentage, fat
percentage, the ratio of lean meat to fat were
calculated
[4]
.
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1.6
Calculations
and statistics
1.6.1
Statistical analysis
Significant
differences and regression analyses were conducted
with SAS and EXCEL software.
1.6.2
Model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
????
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Table 1
Composition and nutrient levels of
diets
(DM basis, %)
Items
Ingredients
Corn
Wheat bran
Soybean meal
Fish meal
Soybean oil
CaHPO
4
Limestone
Met
Lys
NaCl
Premix
1)
Total
Nutrient
levels
2)
DM
DE (MJ/kg)
3)
CP
NDF
ADF
Ca
TP
AP
Lys
1)
15
～
30 kg
Ⅰ
63.19
7.00
18.61
6.00
2.96
0.10
0.85
-
-
0.30
1.00
100.00
88.39
14.22
18.69
9.22
3.54
0.58
0.98
0.27
0.66
Ⅱ
62.46
10.00
19.16
5.00
0.90
0.20
0.90
-
0.08
0.30
1.00
100.00
88.97
13.60
18.74
10.32
3.94
0.55
0.97
0.28
0.64
Ⅲ
57.32
17.93
17.38
5.00
-
0.05
1.00
-
0.03
0.30
1.00
100.00
88.86
12.98
18.73
12.69
4.74
0.55
0.96
0.29
0.64
88.31
12.36
18.77
15.55
5.73
0.54
0.96
0.27
0.65
88.13
11.74
18.79
18.56
6.77
0.54
0.98
0.29
0.65
Ⅳ
48.31
27.93
15.90
4.80
-
0.20
0.90
-
0.67
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅴ
39.49
38.35
14.23
4.60
-
0.15
0.94
-
0.94
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅰ
88.47
14.22
16.48
9.28
3.46
0.45
0.77
0.20
0.55
88.94
13.60
16.44
10.86
3.98
0.47
0.79
0.21
0.56
68.67
7.00
14.40
5.00
2.90
-
0.72
-
-
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅱ
66.80
12.00
12.98
5.00
1.11
-
0.81
-
-
0.30
1.00
100.00
30
～
60 kg
Ⅲ
62.50
19.00
11.36
5.00
0.03
-
0.81
-
-
0.30
1.00
100.00
88.89
12.98
16.42
12.97
4.70
0.46
0.79
0.21
0.54
88.47
12.36
16.44
15.82
5.67
0.45
0.78
0.20
0.55
88.85
11.74
16.52
19.70
7.03
0.44
0.77
0.21
0.55
Ⅳ
53.79
29.00
9.54
5.00
-
0.01
0.80
0.57
-
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅴ
43.22
42.00
8.48
4.00
0.08
-
0.89
-
0.04
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅰ
88.43
14.22
14.28
9.38
3.41
0.37
0.69
0.14
0.46
88.88
13.60
14.25
10.96
3.93
0.36
0.68
0.13
0.44
73.79
7.00
10.93
3.50
2.70
-
0.75
-
0.02
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅱ
71.84
12.00
9.56
3.50
1.01
-
0.75
-
0.04
0.30
1.00
100.00
60
～
100 kg
Ⅲ
66.44
20.00
7.80
3.50
0.16
-
0.75
-
0.05
0.30
1.00
100.00
88.62
12.98
14.25
13.33
4.74
0.35
0.69
0.14
0.46
88.76
12.36
14.27
15.46
5.47
0.36
0.68
0.13
0.45
88.77
11.74
14.32
19.77
6.96
0.37
0.69
0.13
0.46
Ⅳ
59.00
27.62
6.56
3.50
-
0.50
0.96
0.50
0.06
0.30
1.00
100.00
Ⅴ
48.40
42.00
4.59
2.80
-
-
0.81
-
0.10
0.30
1.00
100.00
Premix provided the
following per kilogram of diet: VA 8 267 IU; VD 22
480 IU; VE 66 IU; menadionine (as menadionine
pyrimidinol bisulfite complex) 6.2 mg;
VB
1
(thiamine) 3.31 mg;
VB
2
(riboflavin)
10 mg; VB
6
(pyridoxine) 3.31
mg; VB
12
45
μ
g; D-calcium pantothenic
acid 37 mg; niacin 66 mg; D-biotin 331
μ
g; folic acid 2.5 mg; VC 83
μ
g. Zn 127 mg; Fe 127 mg; Mn
20 mg; Cu 12.7
mg; I 0.80 mg; Se 0.3
mg.
2)
3)
Calculated values.
The
values of digestive energy were obtained and
calculated from the digestive energy values of
each feed ingredient in The Database of Chinese
Feeds (2007).
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