语言学定义

model

交股模型

model for he perception of spoken words proposed in the assumes a

“

recognition lexicon

each word is represented by a full and independent

“

recognition element

”

. When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic

signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of

them,

Wherever

it

fails

the

element

is

deactivated;

this

process

continues

until

only

one

remains

active.2.

Cohort

theory:

it

refers

to

hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds

sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived.

3.

Interactive model

交互模型

It holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have a direct,

“top

-

down” influence on

lower levels. Lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. There interactivity in the form of lexical effect on the perception of

sublexical units. In certain case

, listeners’

knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonemes; in other cases, listeners continue

to hear phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.

4.

Construal

识解

The

ability

to

conceive

and

portray

the

same

situation

in

different

ways

(through

specificity,

different

mental

scanning,

directionality,

vantage

point

figure-

ground

segregation

)5.

Construal

operations

识解操作

Are

conceptualizing

process

used

in

language

process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and reasons employed in the interpretation of

linguistic

expression.6.

Figure-

ground

alignment

seems

to

apply

to

space

with

the

ground

as

the

propositional

object

and

the

proposition

expressing the spatial relation configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects.

7.

Trajector

射体

means a moving or dynamic figure.

8. Landmark

路标

means the ground provided for a moving figure.

9.

Basic level category:

is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interaction

with subjects in the real world is stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category10.

Subordinate level

下属层次

Is the level at which we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories.11.

Image schema

is a recurring,

dynamic

pattern

of

our

perceptual

interactions

and

motor

programs

that

gives

coherence

and

structure

to

our

experience.12.

Conceptual

Metaphor

is a conceptual mapping, not a linguistic one, from one domain to another, not from a word to another13.

Blending theory

；

also

known as the integration theory, A cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more

“

mental

space”

are integrated via projection into a new,

blended space which has its unique structure.

14.

SPEAKING

A

mnemonic

way

of

summarizing

certain

components

of

speech

which

make

possible

for

the

description

and

analysis

of

communication

behavior:

situation,

participants,

ends,

act

sequence,

key

instrumentalities,

norms

and

genres.15

Speech community

言语社团

A group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.

16

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesi:

Our language helps mould our way of thinking and different languages may probably express our unique way of

understanding the world. In a loose sense, this term can be interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.

17 linguistic relativity

语言相对性

similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their

conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic

relativity-----

a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”.

18 linguistic determinism

is a theory

which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world

19

The

strong

version

of

the

theory:

refers

to

the

claim

the

original

hypothesis suggests,

emphasizing

the

decisive

role

of

language

as

the

shaper of our thinking patterns.

20 The weak version :

is

modified type of its original theory , suggesting that there is a correlation between

language, culture, and thought, but the cross-culture differences thus produced in our way of thinking are relatives, rather than categorical.

21

Pidgin

皮钦语

Is

a

special

language

variety

that

mixes

or

blends

languages and

it

is used by

people

who

speak

different

languages

for

restricted purposes.

22

Creole

: When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community

as their native language.

23 Diglossia

双言制

First used by Ferguson. Two distinctive varieties of the same languages are used, side by side, for two different sets of

functions. It is a matter of formality in nature.

24Bilingu alism

双语现象

In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with

each other having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.