-
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation
?
第
01
讲
Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The
Anglo-Saxons
I. Early Settlers
（
5000
BC
—
55
BC
）
Britain was
originally a
part of
the European continent. When
the last Ice
Age
ended 7,000
years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying
lands, creating
the
English
Channel
and the
North Sea
, and turning
Britain into an island.
【译文】早期居民（公元前
5000
年—公
元前
55
年）
不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。<
/p>
7000
年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成
了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
?
1
）
Iberians
（伊比利亚人）
（
the first known
settlers
）
①
At
about
3000
BC,
these
short,
dark
and
long-headed
people
came
to
Britain,
probably from the
Iberian Peninsula, now
Spain
.
②
They were farming folk who kept animals and grew
crops.
【译文】
1
）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）
①大约在公元前
< br>3000
年的新石器时代，
这些身材矮小、
黑皮肤、
长脸庞的人来到英国，
?
< br>
?
?
他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
2
）
The Beaker
Folk
（宽口陶器人）
①
At about 2000
BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now
known
as
Holland
and the
Rhineland
.
②
These people took their name from their
distinctive
bell-shaped drinking
vessels
with
which
they
were
buried
in
crouching
positions
in
individual
graves.
③
They brought
with them the art of pottery making, the ability
to fashion
bronze tools and the custom
of individual burial.
【译文】
2
）宽口陶器人
< br>①大约公元前
2000
年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱
茵兰地区来到这里。
②这一民族得名于他们所用的特殊钟形宽口饮酒容器，
这种陶器是陪葬品，
分别埋在单
独的墓穴里，墓的主人呈蹲伏姿势。
②他们还带来了制陶工
艺、制造青铜工具的技术及单独安葬的习俗。
3
）
The Celts
（凯尔特人）
（名词解释▲）
①
The
Celts,
a
taller
and
fairer
race
than
the
people
who
had
come
before,
began
to
arrive about
500 BC
and kept coming until the arrival of
the Romans.
②
They may originally have
come from eastern and central Europe, now
France,
Belgium and southern
Germany
.
【译文】
3
）
凯尔特人
①凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、
更漂亮，
< br>他们于公元前
500
年开始迁入，
并于此后
不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵。
②他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现
在的法国、比利时和德国南部。
II. Roman Britain
（
55 BC-410
AD
）
h
recorded
history
begins
with
the
Roman
invasion.
For
nearly
400
years
Britain was under the Roman occupation.
s for untotal occupation:
a.
some parts of the country resist;
b.
Roman
troops
were
often
withdraw
from
Britain
to
fight
in
other
parts
of
Roman
Empire.
【译文】Ⅱ
.
罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前
55
年—公元
410
年）
1.
英国有记栽的历史开始于罗马人
的入侵。英国被罗马人的占领近四百年。
2.
并非完全占领的原因：
?
a.
一些地区进行了抵抗；
b.
罗马
军队经常撤离不列颠，到罗马帝国的其他地区作战。
3. Achievement
a. Network of
towns and roads.
①
Caster and
Chester means camp.
（
Lancaster, Winchester and
Chester
）
?
②
Capital: London
（
Londinium
）
.
③
Two cities: York had been
created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly
developed because of its waters.
b.
Make use of Britain
’
s
natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and
manufacturing pottery.
【译文】
3.
成就
a.
城镇和道路网。
①
Cas
ter
和
Chester
“营地”的意思。（
Lancaster, W
inchester
和
Chester
）
②首都：伦敦
③两个城市：约克被建为北方要塞，而巴斯城因其水域而发展
迅速。
b.
利用英国的自然资源，开发铅矿、铁矿和锡矿，并生产陶器。
4.
Religion:
The
Romans
also
brought
the
new
religion,
Christianity,
to
Britain. This came at
first by indirect means, probably brought by
traders and
soldiers, and was quite
well-established before the first Christian
Emperor,
Constantine, was proclaimed in
AD 306.
?
【译文】
4.
宗教：
罗马人还把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠。最初很可能是由商人和士
兵间接传入的。<
/p>
公元
306
年第一位基督教皇帝，
君士坦丁大帝登基之前，
基督教已被人们所
广
泛接受。
5. Why was the Roman influence on
Britain so limited?
1
）
The
Romans
always
treated
the
Britons
as
a
subject
people
of
slave
class.
2
）
Never during
the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons
intermarry.
3
）
The
Romans
had
no
impact
on
the
language
or
culture
of
ordinary
Britons.
【译文
】
5.
为什么罗马对不列颠人的影响却极为有限？
1
< br>）罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待。
?
?
?
2
）四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。
3
）
罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
III. The Anglo-Saxons
（
446-871
）
the mid-5th
century a new wave of invaders,
Jutes,
Saxons, and
Angles
came to Britain. They were three
Teutonic tribes
.
2. The Jutes,
who fished and farmed in Jutland
（
now southern
Denmark
）
, came
to
Britain first. They established a kingdom in Kent
in the 5th century. Then the
Saxons,
users
of
the
short-sword
from
northern
Germany,
established
their
kingdoms
in
Essex,
Sussex
and
Wessex
from
the
end
of
the
5th
century
to
the
beginning
of
the
6th century. In the
second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who
also came from
northern Germany,
settled in East Anglia, Mercia
（
which covered the Midlands
and
the Welsh
borders
）
and Northumbria,
which reached to the Scottish border.
【译文】
III.
安格鲁
-
撒克逊人（
446
—<
/p>
871
）
1.
5
世
纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和安格鲁人开始入侵不列颠。这是三个日耳曼部落。
2.
居
住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔、农耕的朱特人首先到达不列颠。它们
于公元<
/p>
5
世纪成立了肯特郡王国。
后来
5
世纪末至
6
世纪初，
从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒
克逊人在塞克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞
克斯建立了王国。
6
世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部把自
己的名字给了英国人的安格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、
麦西亚
（包括中部及威尔士边境）以及诺
森伯利亚定居，诺森伯利亚到达苏格兰边境
。
3.
Heptarchy
（七国时代）（名词解释）
: The
Heptarchy was the period in
English
history
when
Anglo-Saxon
set
up
seven
small
kingdoms
in
about
6th
century.
These
kingdoms
were
constantly
at
war
with
one
another,
each
trying
to
get
the
upper
hand,
so that the
kingdoms were
often broken up
and often
pieced
together again.
【译文】七国时代：七国时代是英
国历史上的一个时期，在
6
世纪安格鲁
-
撒克逊建立
了七个小王国。
这些部落
之间不断交战，
彼此都想占上风，
因此王国总是分了合，
合了又分。
4. Wars among Heptarchy
a. By the end
of the eighth century, Offa, King of Mercia, built
the great
earthwork
known
as
Offa
’
s
Dyke
（奥法大堤）
,
control
for
a
long
time
virtually
all
central, eastern and southeastern
England.
b. In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex,
became an overlord of all the English.
传统被认为是英格兰王国第一个国王。
【译文】
4.
七国时代的战争
a.
到
8
世
纪末，麦西亚国王奥法修建了著名的防御工事——奥法大堤，实际上奥法统
治了整个英格
兰中部、西部和东南部很长一段时间。
b.
公元
8
29
年，威塞克斯的国王埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。
?
?
?
?
5. Religion
a.
Teutonic religion
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own
Teutonic religion
to Britain.
（
Tiu,
the
god
of
war,
Woden,
king
of
heaven,
Thor,
the
god
of
Storms,
and
Freya,
goddess
of
peace;
The
names
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday
and
Friday
derive
from
their
gods
）
Christianity
soon disappeared, except among the Celts of
Cornwall, Wales,
Scotland and Ireland.
【译文】
5.
宗教
a.
日耳曼宗教
安格鲁
-
撒克逊人带来了日耳曼宗教。
（
Tiu
战
神，
Woden
主神，
Thor
雷神和
Freya
和平女神。星期二、星期三
、星期四和星
期五这些名称就源于这些天神。）
除了康沃尔、
威尔士、
苏格兰和爱尔兰的凯尔特人中有些人信奉基督教外，
基督教很快
消失了。
b. Christianity
①
In
AD 563 on the island of Iona, off the west coast
of Scotland, a monk
called
Columba
established a
monastery which was to be responsible for much of
the
Christian
conversion
of
the
people
of
the
north.
Under
its
influence
a
monastery
was founded at
Lindisfarne in Northumberland and another at Kells
in Ireland, and
many smaller ones
sprang up throughout the Celtic areas.
【译文】
b.
基督教
①公元
563
年在苏格兰西海岸以外的爱奥那岛上，
一位名叫哥伦巴的修士建了一所修道
院。
北方人
皈依基督教很大一部分原因是这座修道院的功劳。
在其影响下，
诺森伯利亚的林
迪斯发恩和爱尔兰的科尔斯各建了一所修道院，
许多规模更小的修道院遍布整个凯尔特人的
地区。
②
In
597,
Pope
Gregory
Ⅰ
sent
St.
Augustine
,
the
Prior
of
St.
Andrew
’
s
Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the
heathen English to Christianity.
Ethelbert
, King
of Kent, soon became a Christian himself. He
provided
St.
Augustine
with a
house for his followers in Canterbury.
In
597,
St.
Augustine
became
the
first
Archbishop
of
Canterbury
.
Augustine
was
remarkably successful in converting the
king and the nobility, but the conversion
of the common people was largely due to
the missionary activities of the monks in
the north.
【译文】
②公元
597
年，
教皇格里高里一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院
长圣奥古斯丁
派遣到英格兰，要把异教徒的英国人变为基督教徒。
肯特国王埃瑟伯特很快成了基
督徒。他为坎特伯雷的圣奥古斯丁信徒们提供了一幢房
子。
公元
59
7
年圣奥古斯丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
奥古斯丁在使国王和贵族
皈依基督徒方面
很成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。。
c.
Disagreement between the Roman missionaries and
the Celtic
missionaries: The Roman
missionaries held that the
Pope
’
s authority was
supreme,
and the Celtic missionaries
held that Christian belief did not require a final
earthly arbiter. They held a conference
at
Whitby
in 664.
Finally, the Roman
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