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美国文学
一、
二、
三、
四、
五、
六、
简答题：
1.
欧文的重要地位是什么？
Washington Irving
（
1
）
first American writer
（
2
）
the
messenger sent from the new world to the old world
（
3
）
fat
her of American literature
2.
超验主义
American
Transcendentalism
I.
Background: four sources
1.
Unitarianism
(1)
Fatherhood of
God
(2)
Brotherhood of men
(3)
Leadership of
Jesus
(4)
Salvation by character (perfection of
one’s character)
(5)
Continued
progress of mankind
(6)
Divinity of
mankind
(7)
Depravity of mankind
2.
Romantic
Idealism
Center of the world is spirit,
absolute spirit (Kant)
3.
Oriental mysticism
Center of
the world is “oversoul”
4.
Puritanism
Eloquent expression in
transcendentalism
II.
Appearance
1836, “Nature” by
Emerson
III.
Features
1.
spirit/oversoul
2.
importance of
individualism
3.
nature
–
symbol
of spirit/God
garment of the oversoul
4.
focus in
intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)
IV.
Influence
1.
It served as
an ethical guide to life for a young nation and
brought about the idea that
human can
be perfected by nature. It stressed religious
tolerance, called to throw off
shackles
of customs and traditions and go forward to the
development of a new and
distinctly
American culture.
2.
It
advocated
idealism
that
was
great
needed
in
a
rapidly
expanded
economy
where
opportunity
often became opportunism, and the
desire to “get on” obscured the moral
necessity for rising to spiritual
height.
3.
It
helped to create the first American renaissance
–
one of the most prolific
period in
American literature.
1
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)
True or
false(10/10
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填空<
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)
根据一段作品内容节选，写出该作品的作品名及作家
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简答
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)
文学评论
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)
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
2.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
works
(1)
Nature
(2)
Two essays:
The American Scholar, The Poet
point of
view
(1)
One
major element of his philosophy is his firm belief
in the transcendence of the
“oversoul”.
(2)
He regards
nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying
moral influence on man,
and advocated a
direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God
in nature.
(3)
If
man
depends
upon
himself,
cultivates
himself
and
brings
out
the
divine
in
himself,
he
can
hope
to
become
better
and
even
perfect.
This
is
what
Emerson
means by “the infinitude of
man”.
(4)
Everyone should understand that he
makes himself by making his world, and that
he makes the world by making himself.
aesthetic ideas
(1)
He is a
complete man, an eternal man.
(2)
True poetry
and true art should ennoble.
(3)
The poet
should express his thought in symbols.
(4)
As to theme,
Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate
America which
was to him a lone poem in
itself.
Henry David Thoreau
works
(1)
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack
River
(2)
Walden
(3)
A Plea for
John Brown (an essay)
point of view
(1)
He
did
not
like
the
way
a
materialistic
America
was
developing
and
was
vehemently outspoken on the point.
(2)
He hated the
human injustice as represented by the slavery
system.
(3)
Like
Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as
a genuine restorative,
healthy
influence on man’s s
piritual well-
being.
(4)
He has
faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual
grace of man.
(5)
He was very critical of modern
civilization.
(6)
“Simplicity…simplify!”
(7)
He
was
sorely
disgusted
with
“the
inundations
of
the
dirty
institutions
of
men’s
odd-fellow
societ
y”.
(8)
He has calm
trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new
generation of men.
3.
清教主义
(Puritanism)
1.
features of
Puritanism
(1)
Predestination: God decided everything
before things occurred.
(2)
Original sin: Human beings were born to
be evil, and this original sin can be passed
down from generation to generation.
(3)
Total
depravity
(4)
Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can
be saved.
2.
Influence
(1)
A
group
of
good
qualities
–
hard
work,
thrift,
piety,
sobriety
(serious
and
thoughtful) influenced American
literature.
(2)
It led to the everlasting myth. All
literature is based on a myth
–
garden of Eden.
(3)
Symbolism:
the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of
perception was chiefly
instrumental in
calling into being a literary symbolism which is
distinctly American.
(4)
With
regard
to
their
writing,
the
style
is
fresh,
simple
and
direct;
the
rhetoric
is
plain
and
honest,
not
without
a
touch
of
nobility
often
traceable
to
the
direct
influence of the
Bible.
2
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