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★阅读难点关键句
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句（以包括译文）★<
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1. Wearing a
seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of
death or serious injury by more than
half.
2.
But
it
will
be
the
driver‘s
responsibility
to
make
sure
that
children
under
14
do
not
ride
in
the
front unless
they
are wearing a seat belt
of some kind.
3.
However,
you
do
not
have
to
wear
a
seat
belt
if
you
are
reversing
your
vehicle;
or
you
are
making
a
local
delivery
or
collection
using
a
special
vehicle;
or
if
you
have
a
valid
medical certificate which excuses you
from wearing it.
4. Remember you may
be taken to court for not doing so, and
you
may
be
fined if
you
cannot prove
to
the court
that you
have
been excused from wearing it.
5.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why
otherwise
healthy farmers in northern
Japan appeared to be losing their
ability to think and reason at a
relatively early age, and how the
process of ageing could be slowed down.
6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo
National University, he
set
about
measuring
brain
volumes
of
a
thousand
people
of different ages and varying
occupations.
7.
Computer
technology
enabled
the
researchers
to
obtain
precise
measurements
of
the
volume
of
the front
and
side
sections of
the
brain,
which
relate
to
intellect
（智能）
and
emotion, and determine the human
character.
8.
Contraction
of
front
and
side
parts
as
cells
die
off
was
observed in some subjects in their
thirties, but it was still not
evident
in some sixties and seventy-year-olds.
9.
The
findings
show
in
general
terms that contraction
of
the
brain begins sooner in
people in the country than in the towns.
10.
White
collar
workers
doing
routine
work
in
government
offices
are,
however,
as
likely
to
have
shrinking
brains
as
the farm worker, bus
driver and shop assistant.
11.
We
know
that
you
have
a
high
opinion
of
the
kind
of
learning taught in your colleges, and
that the costs of living of
our young
men, while with you, would be very expensive to
you.
12.
But
you
must
know
that
different
nations
have
different
ways
of
looking
at
things,
and
you
will
therefore
not
be
offended if our ideas of this kind of
education happen not to be
the same as
yours.
13. We are, however, not the
less obliged by
your kind offer,
though
we
refuse
to
accept
it;
and,
to
show
our
grateful
sense of it, if the gentlemen of
Virginia will send us a dozen of
their
sons, we will take care of their education, teach
them in all
we know , and make men of
them.
14. In what now seems like the
prehistoric times of computer
history,
the
earth‘s
p
ostwar
era,
there
was
quite
a
wide-spread concern
that
computers
would
take
over
the
world from man one day.
15. Already today, less than forty
years later, as computers are
relieving
us of more and more of the routine tasks in
business
and
in our
personal
lives. We
are
faced
with
a less dramatic
but also
less foreseen problem.
16.
Obviously,
there
would
be
no
point
in
investing
in
a
computer if you had to check all its
answers, but people should
also rely
on
their
own
internal
computers
and
check
the
machine when they have the feeling that
something has gone
wrong.
17. Certainly Newton considered some
theoretical aspects of it
in his
writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to
further his
work.
18.
For
most
people
the
sea
was
remote,
and
with
the
exception
of
early
intercontinental
travellers
or
others
who
earned
a
living
from
the
sea,
there
was
little
reason
to
ask
many
questions about it , let alone to ask what lay
beneath the
surface.
19. The
first time that the question ― What is at the
bottom of
t
he
oceans?‖
had
to
be
answered
with
any
commercial consequence
was when the laying of a telegraph
cable from Europe to America was
proposed.
20.
At
the
early
attempts,
the
cable
failed
and
when
it
was
taken
out
for
repairs
it
was
found
to
be
covered
in
living
growths,
a
fact
which
defied
contemporary
scientific
opinion that there was no life in the
deeper parts of the sea.
21. For every course that he follows a
student is given a grade,
which is
recorded, and the record is available for the
student to
show to prospective
employers.
22. All this imposes a
constant pressure and strain of work, but
in spite of this some students still
find time for great activity in
student affairs.
23.
The
effective
work
of
maintaining
discipline
is
usually
performed by students who advise the
academic authorities.
24.
Much
family
quarrelling
ends
when
husbands
and
wives
realize what these
energy cycles mean, and which cycle each
member of the family has.
25. Whenever possible, do routine work
in the afternoon and
save
tasks
requiring
more
energy
or
concentration
for
your sharper hours.
26. We
also value personal qualities and social skills,
and we
find that mixed-ability teaching
contributes to all these aspects
of
learning.
27.
They
also
learn
how
to
cope
with
personal
problems
as
well
as
learning
how
to
think,
to
make
decisions,
to
analyse
and evaluate, and
to communicate effectively.
28.
The
problem
is,
how
to
encourage
a
child
to
express
himself
freely
and
confidently
in
writing
without
holding
him
back
with the complexities of spelling?
29.
It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil‘s
technical
abilities
in
writing,
but
it
was
also
a
sad
reflection
on
the
teacher
who
had
omitted
to
read
the
essay,
which
contained
some beautiful expressions of the
child‘s deep fee
lings.
30.
The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the
errors,
but
if
his
priorities
had
centred
on
the
child‘s
ideas,
an
expression of his disappointment with
the presentation would
have given the
pupil more motivation to seek improvement.
31. Given the nature of government and
private employers, it
seems
most
likely
that
discrimination
by
private
employers
would be greater.
32. The
release of the carbon in these compounds for
recycling
depends
almost
entirely
on
the
action
of
both
aerobic
and
anaerobic bacteria and certain types of
fungi.
33. A spirited discussion
springs up between a young girl who
says that women have out grown the
jumping-on-a-chair-at-
the-sight-of-a
mouse
era
and
a
major
who says that they haven‘t.
34.
They
are
trying
to
find
out
whether
there
is
something
about
the
way
we
teach
language
to
children
which
in
fact
prevents
children from learning sooner.
35.
Mathematicians
who
have
tried
to
use
the
computers
to
copy the way the brain
works have found that even using the
latest
electronic
equipment
they
would
have
to
build
a
computer
which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
36.
Since different people like to do so many
different things in
their spare time,
we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in
everything from collecting matchboxes
and raising rare fish, to
learning
about the stars and making model ships.
37. They know that a seal swimming
under the ice will keep a
breathing
hole
open
by
its
warm
breath,
so
they
will
wait
beside the hole and
kill it.
38. We may be able to decide
whether someone is white only
by
seeing
if
they
have
none
of
the
features
that
would
mark
them
clearly as a member of another race.
39.
Although
signs
of
dishonesty
in
school,
business
and
government seem much
more numerous in years than in the
past,
could it
be
that
we
are
getting
better
at
revealing
such
dishonesty?
40.
It
is
not
quite
a
matter
of
disagreeing
with
the
theory
of
independence,
but
of
rejecting
its
implications:
that
the
romances
may be taken in any or no particular order, that
they
have no cumulative effect, and
that they are as separate as the
works
of a modern novelist.
41.
His
thesis
works
relatively
well
when
applied
to
discrimination
against
Blacks
in
the
United
States,
but
his
definition
of
racial
prejudice
as
―
racially
-based
negative
prejudgments
against a group generally accepted as a race in
any given region of ethnic
competition,‖ can be interpreted as
also
including
hostility
toward
such
ethnic
groups
as
the
Chinese in California and the Jews in
medieval Europe.
42. Gutman argues
convincingly that the stability of the Black
family
encouraged
the
transmission
of
and
so
was
crucial
in
sustaining
—
the
Black
heritage
of
folklore,
music,
and
religious expression
from one generation to another, a heritage
that slaves were continually fashioning
out of their African and
American
experiences.
43.
Even
the
folk
knowledge
in
social
systems
on
which
ordinary
life
is
based
in
earning,
spending,
organizing,
marrying, taking part in political
activities, fighting and so on ,
is
not
very
dissimilar
from
the
more
sophisticated
images
of the
social
system derived
from
the
social
sciences,
even
though
it
is
built
upon
the
very
imperfect
samples
of
personal experience.
44.
There
are
several
steps
that
can
be
taken,
of
which
the
chief
one is to demand of all the organizations that
exist with
the
declared
objectives
of
safeguarding
the
interests
of
animals
that
they
should
declare
clearly
where
they
stand
on
violence towards people.
45.
It
was
possible
to
demonstrate
by
other
methods
refined
structural
differences among neuron types, however, proof was
lacking
that
the
quality
of
the
impulse
or
its
conduction
was
influenced
by
these
differences,
which
seemed
instead
to
influence the developmental patterning
of the neural circuits.
46. According
to this theory, it is not the quality of the
sensory
nerve
impulses
that
determines
the
diverse
conscious
sensations they
produce, but rather the different areas of the
brain into which they discharge , and
there is some evidence
for this view.
47. The result of attrition is that,
where the areas of the whole
leaves
follow
a
normal
distribution,
a
bimodal
distribution
is
produced,
one
peak
composed
mainly
of
fragmented
pieces,
the other of the larger remains.
48. The Bible does not tell us how the
Roman census takers
made
out,
and
as
regards
our
more
immediate
concern,
the
reliability
of
present
day
economic
forecasting,
there
are
considerable difference of opinion.
49. A survey conducted in Britain
confirmed that an abnormally
high
percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of
the spine
who had been treated with X
rays contracted cancer.
50. Yet across
the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as
ours are to those of the beasts that
perish, intellects vast and
cool and
unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious
eyes,
and slowly and surely drew their
plans against us.
51.
Even
the
doctoral
degree,
long recognized as
a required
―
union
card‖
in
the
academic
world,
has
come
under
severe criticism as
the pursuit of learning for its own sake and
the accumulation of knowledge without
immediate application
to a
professor‘s classroom
duties.
52. While a
selection of necessary details is involved in
both,
the
officer
must
remain
neutral
and
clearly
try
to
present
a
picture
of
the
facts,
while
the
artist
usually
begins
with
a
preconceived
message
or
attitude
which
is
then
transmitted
through the use
of carefully selected details of action described
in
words
intended
to
provoke
associations
and
emotional reactions in the reader.
53.
Articles
in
the
popular
press
even
criticize
the
Gross
National Production (GNP) because it is
not such a complete
index of welfare,
ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never
intended
to
be,
and
suggesting,
on
the
other,
that
with appropriate
changes it could be converted into one.
54.
Other
experiments
revealed
slight
variations
in
the
size,
number, arrangement, and
interconnection of the nerve cells,
but
as far as psychoneuaral correlations were
concerned, the
obvious
similarities
of
these
sensory
fields
to
each
other
seemed
much
more
remarkable
than
any
of
the
minute
differences.
55. The Chinese
have distributed publications to farmers and
other rural residents instructing them
in what to watch for their
animals so
that every household can join in helping to
predict
earthquakes.
56.
Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope
that this
would not only protect a
nation against an actual nuclear attack,
but
would
be
enough
of
a
threat
to
keep
a
nuclear
war
from
ever happening.
57. Neither would it prevent cruise
missiles or bombers, whose
flights
are
within
the
Earth‘s
atmosphere,
from
hitting
their
targets.
58.
Civil
rights
activists
have
long
argued
that
one
of
the
principal
reasons
why
Blacks,
Hispanics,
and
other
minority
groups
have
difficulty
establishing
themselves
in
business
is
that
they
lack
access
to
the
sizable
orders
and
subcontracts
that are
generated by large companies.
59.
During the nineteenth century, she argues, the
concept of
the ―useful‖ child who
contributed to the family economy gave
way gradually to
the present
day notion of the ―useless‖ child
who,
though
producing
no
income
for,
and
indeed
extremely
costly to its
parents, is yet considered emotionally ―
priceless‖.
60. Well
established among segments of the middle and upper
classes by the
mid-
1800‘s
, this new view of
childhood spread
throughout
society
in
the
late
nineteenth
and
early
twentieth
centuries as
reformers introduced child
labor
regulations
and
compulsory
education laws predicted in part on the assumption
that a child‘s emotional value
mad
e child labor taboo.
61. Of course, it would be as dangerous
to overreact to history
by
concluding
that
the
majority
must
now
be
wrong
about
expansion as it would
be to re-enact the response that greeted
the suggestion that the continents had
drifted.
62. While the fact of this
consumer revolution is hardly in doubt,
three key questions remain: who were
the consumers? What
were
their
motives?
And
what
were
the
effect
of
the
new
demand
for luxuries?
63. Although it has been
possible to infer from the goods and
services
actually
produced
what
manufacturers
and
servicing trades thought their
customers wanted, only a study
of
relevant
personal
documents
written
by
actual
consumers
will provide a
precise picture of who wanted what.
64.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating,
Grassy does
not
deny
their
frequently
noted
fact
that
some
of
the
immigrants
of
the
1630‘s,
most
notably
the
organizers
and
clergy,
advanced
religious
explanations
for
departure,
but
he
finds that
such explanations usually assumed primacy only in
retrospect.
65.
If
we
take
the
age-and
sex-
specific
unemployment
rates
that existed in 1956 (when the overall
unemployment rate was
4.1
percent)
and
weight
them
by
the
age-
and
sex-specific
shares
of
the
labor
force
that
prevail
currently,
the
overall
unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.
66. He was puzzled that I did not want
what was obviously a
―
step
up‖
toward
what
all
Americans
are
taught
to
want
when they grow up: money and power.
67. Unless productivity growth is
unexpectedly large, however,
the
expansion
of
real
output
must
eventually
begin
to
slow
down
to
the
economy‘s
larger
run
growth
potential
if
generalized demand pressures on prices
are to be avoided.
68. However, when
investment flows primarily in one direction,
as it generally does from industrial to
developing countries, the
seemingly
reciprocal
source-based
restrictions
produce
revenue sacrifices primarily by the
state receiving most of the
foreign
investment
and
producing
most
of
the
income
—
namely
,the developing country partner.
69.
The pursuit of private interests with as little
interference as
possible
from
government
was
seen
as
the
road
to
human
happiness and progress
rather than the public obligation and
involvement
in
the
collective
community
that
emphasized
by
the
Greeks.
70.
The
defense
lawyer
relied
on
long-
standing
principles
governing
the
conduct
of
prosecuting
attorneys:
as
quasi-judicial officers
of the court they are under a duty not to
prejudice
a
party‘s
case
through
overzealous
prosecution
or
to
detract from the impartiality of courtroom
atmosphere.
71.
No
prudent
person
dared
to
act
on
the
assumption
that,
when the continent was
settled, one government could include
the whole; and when the vast expense
broke up, as seemed
inevitable,
into
a
collection
of
separate
nations,
only
discord,
antagonism, and
wars could be expected.
72.
If
they
were
right
in
thinking
that
the
next
necessity
in
human
progress
was
to
lift
the
average
person
upon
an
intellectual and social level with the
most favored, they stood at
least three
generations nearer than Europe to that goal.
73. Somehow he knows that if our
huckstering civilization did
not at
every
moment
violate
the
eternal
fitness
of things,
the
poet‘s song would have been given to
the world, and the poet
would have been
cared for by the whole human brotherhood,
as any man should be who does the duty
that every man owes
it.
74.
The
instinctive
sense
of
the
dishonor
which
money-purchase does to art is so strong
that sometimes a man
of
letters
who
can
pay
his
way
otherwise
refuses
pay
for
his
work, as Lord Byron did, for a while,
from a noble pride, and as
Count
Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.
75.
Perhaps
he
believed
that
he
could
not
criticize
American
foreign
policy
without
endangering
the
support
for
civil
rights
that
he had won from the federal government.
76.
Abraham
Lincoln,
who
presided
in
his
stone
temple
on
August
28,
1963
above
the
children
of
the
slaves
he
emancipated (
解放
),
may have used just the right words to sum
up
the
general
reaction
to
the
Negr
oes‘
massive
march
on
Washington.
77. In the
Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass
on
issues
concerning
the
size
and
shape
of
electoral
districts,
partly
out
of
desperation
because
no
other
branch
of
government
offered
relief,
and
partly
out
of
hope
that
the
Court would reexamine
old decisions in this area as it had in
others, looking at basic constitutional
principles in the light of
modern
living conditions.
78.
Some
even
argue
plausibly
that
this
weakness
may
be
irremediable : in any
society that, like a capitalist society, seeks
to
become
ever
wealthier
in
material
terms
disproportionate
rewards are
bound to flow to the people who are instrumental
in producing the increase in its
wealth.
79.
This
doctrine
has
broadened
the
application
of
the
Fourteenth
Amendment
to
other,
nonracial
forms
of
discrimination, for while some justices
have refused to find any
legislative
classification
other
than
race
to
be
constitutionally
disfavored,
most
have
been
receptive
to
arguments
that
at
least
some nonracial
discriminations,
sexual
discrimination in
particular, are ―suspect‖ and deserve
this heightened scrutiny
by the courts.
80.
But
as
cameras
become
more
sophisticated,
more
automated,
some
photographers
are
tempted
to
disarm
themselves
or
to
suggest
that
they
are
not
really
armed,
preferring
to
submit
themselves
to
the
limits
imposed
by
premodern
camera
technology
because
a
cruder,
less
high-powered
machine
is
thought
to
give
more
interesting
or
emotive results, to have more room for
creative accident.
81. Both novelists
use a storytelling method that emphasizes
ironic disjunctions between different
perspectives on the same
events as well
as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship
between surface drama and concealed
authorical intention, a
method I call
an evidentiary narrative technique.
82.
When black poets are discussed separately as a
group, for
instance,
the
extent
to
which
their
work
reflects
the
development of poetry in general should
not be forgotten, or a
distortion of
literacy history may result.
83.
These
differences
include
the
bolder
and
more
forthright
speech of the
later generation and its technical inventiveness.
84.
But black
poets
were
not
battling
over
old
or new
rather,
one accomplished Black poet was ready
to welcome another,
whatever his or
her style, for what mattered was racial pride.
85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions
and in every reversal
he
overthrew
the
―
system‖,
the
―
machine‖,
the
externally
ordained
belief,
the
conventional
behaviour
in
favor
of
unsystematic,
impulsive
life,
of
inward
motivation
and
the
solutions of independent
thought.
86.
It
was
better
covered
by
television
and
press
than
any
event
here
since
President
Kennedy‘s
inauguration
(
就职
)
,
and
,
since
indifferent
is
almost
as
great
a
problem
to
the
Negro as hostility, this
was a plus.
87. But do not the
challenge and the excitement of the critical
problem
as
such
lie
in
that
ambivalence
of
attitude
which
allows us to recognize the intelligence
and even the splendor
of Meredith‘s
work, while, at the same
time, we
experience a
lack of sympathy, a
failure of any enthusiasm of response?
88.
In
this
respect
she
resembled
one
of
her
favourite
contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would
rather have ― glided
through
the
world
unknown‖
than
been
suspected
of
literary
airs
—
to
be
shunned,
as
literary
women
are,
by
the
more
pretending of their own
sex, and abhorred, as literary women
are, by the more pretending of the
other!
89. From those sounds which we
hear on small or on coarse
occasions,
we
do
not
easily
receive
strong
impressions,
or
delightful images; and
words to which we are nearly strangers,
whenever they occur, draw that
attention on themselves which
they
should transmit to things.
90.
To
proceed
thus
is
to
set
up
a
fivefold
hypothesis
that
enables you to gather from the
innumerable items cast up by
the sea of
experience upon the shores of your observation
only
the limited number of relevant
data
—
relevant, that is, to
one or
more of the five factors of your
hypothesis.
91. As an author, I am
naturally concerned that a surprisingly
large
percentage
of
the
population
of
the
United
States
is
functionally
illiterate;
if
they
can‘t
read
or
cannot
understand
what they read,
they won‘t buy books, or this magazine.
92. They do not know those parts of the
doctrine which explain
and justify the
remainder the considerations which show that
a
fact
which
seemingly
conflicts
with
another
is
reconcilable
with it, or
that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and
not
the other ought to be preferred.
93.
Quite
apart
from
the
logistic
problems,
there
existed
a
well-
established
tradition
in
Britain
which
refused
to
repatriate against
their
will
people
who
found
themselves
in
British hands and the
nature of whose reception by their own
government was, to say the least,
dubious.
94.
An
obsession
with
the
exact
privileges
of
a
colonial
legislature
and
the
precise
extent
of
Britain‘s
imperial
power,
the specifics of a
state constitution and the absolute necessity
of
a
federal
one,
all
expressed
this
urge
for
a
careful
articulation
as
proof
that
the
right
relationship
with
external
powers did indeed
prevail.
95. One encyclopaedia tells us
that intelligence is related to the
ability to learn, to the speed with
which things are learned, to
how well
and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability
to
understand those ideas and use them
in problem-solving, and
to creativity.
96. The event marked the end of an
extended effort by William
Barton
Rogers, M.I.T. ?s founder and first president, to
create a
new kind of educational
institution relevant to the times and to
the contrary‘s need, where young men
and women would be
educated
in
the
application
as
well
as
the
acquisition
of
knowledge.
97. Each
departmental program consists, in part, of a
grouping
of
subjects
in
the
department‘s
areas
of
p
rofessional
interest
and,
in
part,
of
additional
opportunities
for
students
of
their
choice.
98.
Alternatively, a student may use elective time to
prepare for
advanced study in some
professional field, such as medicine
or
law, for graduate study in some area in which M.
I. T. gives
no undergraduate degree,
such as meteorology or psychology,
or
for
advanced
study
in
an
interdisciplinary
field,
such
as
astrophysics, communication science, or
energy.
99.
While the
undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor
of
Science
degree,
as
listed
by
a
department,
may have
its
own
unique
features,
each
program
must
be
laid
out
in
consultation with a
departmental representative to assure that
it is meaningful in structure and
challenging in content.
100.
Where
previously
it
had
concentrated
on
the
big
infrastructure
projects
such
as
dams,
roads
and
bridges,
it
began
to switch to projects which directly improved the
basic
services of a country.
101. Thus in addition to the chances of
going away from the
right path outlined
above, the scientific investigator shares with
the
ordinary
citizen
the
possibilities
of
falling
into
errors
of
reasoning
in
the
ways
we
have
just
indicated,
and many
others as well.
102. He made a hole and peering
through, could see jewellery,
and
other
objects
stacked
in
piles
in
the
shadows
that
extended beyond the
beam of light penetrating the interior.
103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul
brothers noticed, however,
that
most
of
the
pieces
they
were
selling
were
of
a
type
not
previously
seen in
the
marketplace
—<
/p>
pieces
whose existence
had been suspected but which had not
yet been discovered by
archaeologists.
104.
―The
biggest
construction
project
of
this
century‖,
explained
French
President
Francois
Mitterand
in
January,
1986 as he and then
British prime minister Margaret Thatcher
jointly
announced
that
the
two
countries
would
finally
overcome
ancient
quarrels
and
prejudices
and
forge
a
link
across the narrow
Channel separating them.
105.
Perhaps
the
fact
that
many
of
these
first
studies
considered only
algae(
水藻
) of a size that
could be collected in
a
net(net
phytoplankton),
a
practice
that
overlooked
the
smaller
phytoplankton(
浮
游
植
物
< br>群
落
)
that
we
now
know
grazers are most likely to feed on, led
to a de-emphasis of the
role
of
grazers
in
subsequent
research.106.
The
converse
observation,
of
the
absence
of
grazers
(
食草动物
)in
areas
of
high
phytoPlankton(
浮游植物群落
)concentration,
led
Hardy
to
propose his principle of
animal exclusion , which hypothesized
that phytoplankton produced a
repellent(
驱虫剂
) that
excluded
grazers from regions of high
phytoplankton concentration.
107.
Although
these
molecules
allow
radiation
at
visible
at
wave
lengths,
where
most
of
the
energy
of
sunlight
is
concentrated,
to
pass
through,
they
absorb
some
of
the
longer-
wavelength,
infrared
emission(
红外辐射
)
radiated
from
the
Earth,s
surface,
radiation
that
would
otherwise
be
transmitted back into
space.
108.
In
addition,
the
style
of
some
Black
novels,
like
Jean
Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism
or surrealism(
超现实
主义
),
does
this
technique
provide
a
counter
point
to
the
prevalent
theme
that
portrays
the
fate
against
which
Black
heroes
are
pitted,
a
theme
usually
conveyed
by
more
naturalistic modes of expression?
109.
Roseenblatt‘s
thematic
analysis
permits
considerable
objectivity; he even explicitly states
that it is not his intention to
judge
the merit of the various
works
—
yet his reluctance
seems
misplaced, especially since an
attempt to appraise might have
led to
interesting results.
110.
Thus,
for
instance,
it
may
come
as
a
shock
to
mathematicians to learn that the
Schrodinger equation (
薛定谔
的
方
程
式
)fort
he
hydrogen
atom
is
not
a
literally
correct
description
of
this
atom,
but
only
an
approximation
to
a
somewhat
more
correct
equation
taking
account
of
spin,
magnetic dipole
(
磁性偶极子
), and relatiristic
effects, and that
this corrected
equation is itself only an imperfect approximation
to an infinite set of quantum field
theoretical equations(
量子场
论方程式
).
111. Great comic artists assume that
truth may bear all lights,
and
thus
they
seek
to
accentuate(
强调
)
contradictions
in
social action, not gloss over or
transcend them by appeals to
extrasocial symbols of divine ends,
cosmic purpose, or laws of
nature.
112.
The
hydrologic(
水文地质的
)
cycle,
a
major
topic
in
this
science,
is
the
complete
cycle
of
phenomena
through
which
water passes,
beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing
into
liquid
and
solid
form
as
precipitation
(
降水
(
量
)),
thence
along and into the
ground surface, and finally again returning
to
the
form
of
atmospheric
water
vapor
by
means
of evaporation and
transpiration(
散发
).
113.
My
point
is
that
its
central
consciousness
—
its
profound
understanding
of
class
and
gender
as
shaping
influences
on
people‘s lives—
owes much to
that earlier literary heritage,
a
heritage that, in general, has not been
sufficiently valued by
most
contemporary literary critics.
114.
In
the
early
1950‘s
historians
who
studies
preindustrial
Europe
(which
we
may
define
here
as
Europe
in
the
period
from
roughly
1300
to
1800)
began,
for
the
first
time
in
large
numbers,
to
investigate
more
of
the
preindustrial
European
population than the 2 or 3 percent who
comprised the political
and
social
elite
(
精华
)
:
the
kings,
generals,
judges,
nobles,
bishops,
and
local
magnates
(
要人
)
who
had
hitherto
(
迄今
)
usually filled history books.
115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner
wrote in the 1890‘s that
the
agrarian(
农
民
)
discontent
(
不
满
)
that
had
been
developing steadily in the United
States since about 1870 had
been
precipitated
(
加
速
)
by
the
closing
of
the
internal
frontier
—
that
is
,
the
depletion
(
枯竭
)
of
available
new
land
needed for further
expansion of the American farming system.
116. Fallois proposed that Proust had
tried to begin a novel in
1908,
abandoned it for what was to be a long
demonstration of
Saint-
Beure‘s
blindness
to
the
real
nature
of
great
writing,
found the essay giving rise to personal
memories and fictional
developments,
and
allowed
these
to
take
over
in
a
steadily
developing novel.
117. The
best evidence for the layered mantle
(
地幔
) thesis is
the well-established fact that volcanic
rocks found on oceanic
islands,
islands
believed
to
result
from
mantle
plumes
(
地柱
)
arising
from
the
lower
mantle,
are
composed
of
material
fundamentally
different from that of the midocean ridge system,
whose source, most geologists contend,
is the upper mantle.
118.
In
October
1838,
I
happened
to
read
for
amusement
Malthus on Population, and being well
prepared to appreciate
the
struggle
for
existence
which
everywhere
goes
on,
from
long
continued observation of the habits of animals and
plants,
it at once struck me that,
under these circumstances, favorable
variations would tend to be preserved,
and unfavourable ones
to be destroyed.
119. But these beliefs about peptide
hormones (
肽激素
) were
questioned
as
laboratory
after
laboratory
found
that
antiserums(
抗血清
)
to
peptide
hormones,
when
injected
into
the
brain, bind in places other than the
hypothalamus(
下丘脑
),
indicating
that
either
the
hormones
or
substances
that
cross-react with the antiserums are
present.
120
Proponents(
支持者
)of
the
so-called
Golden
Quadrangle
(
金四角
)
，
which would link areas of Bruma, Laos, Thailand
and
China's Yunnan province, are
seeking an Asian Development
Bank
feasibility
study
of
joint
development
and
business
projects that could
free the region's
hinterlands(
内地
)from their
notorious dependence on the heroin
trade.
121.
He
enjoys
the
liberties
hard
won
over
centuries
by
the
alliance
of
philosophic
genius
and
political
heroism,
consecrated by the
blood of martyrs (
烈士
) he
is provided with
comport
and
leisure
by
the
most
productive
economy
ever
known
to
mankind;
science
has
penetrated
the
secrets
of
nature
in
order
to
provide
him
with
the
marvellous,
life
like
electronic sound and image
reproductions he is enjoying.
122.
Each
highbrow
did
and
does
congratulate
himself
on
being
unique
in
his
unlikeness
to
other
men;
and
conversely
each
lowbrow
now
congratulate
himself
on
being
in
some
mystical
way
unique
in
his
likeness
—
on
being,
so
to
say,
outstandingly average
and extraordinarily ordinary.
123. As
for the lowbrows‘ claim to be specially ―human‖, I
for
one
have
never
been
able
to
understand
why
it
should
be
―inhuman‖ to use the faculties that
distinguish us from pigs and
geese and
―human‖ to use those which we share with
t
he lower
animals.
124.
There
is
no
disputing,
says
the
proverb,
about
taste
—
though, in
fact, human beings spend at least half their
leisure
doing
nothing
else
—
and
if
highbrowism
and
lowbrowism were
exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in
great part) matters of individual
taste, there would be no more
to say
about them than what I have said in the preceding
lines.
125.
Thus
I
desire
a
great
deal
less
pleasure
from
jazz
and
thrillers than from the music, let us
say, of Beethoven(
贝多芬
)
or the novels, for example, of
Dostoievsky; and the sex appeal
of
the
girls
on
the
covers
of
magazines
seems
to
me
less
thrilling than the more complicated
appeal to a great variety of
feelings
made
by
a
Rubens,
an
EI
Greco,
a
Constable,
a
Seurat.
126.
One
need
only
ask
first-year
university
students
what
music they listen to , how much of it
and what it means to them,
in
order
to
discover
that
the
phenomenon
is
universal
in
America,
that
it
begins
in
adolescence
or
a
bit
before
and
continues through the college years.
127. They start, like the pharisee in
the parable , by thanking
God that the
are not as other men are, and proceed to paint a
picture
of
those
other
men,
hardly
more
flattering
than
that
which
Swift painted of the Yahoos.
128.
Each
time
the
dream
was
a
promise
out
of
our
ancient
articles
of
faith,
phrases
from
the
constitution,
lines
from
the
great
anthem of the nation, guarantees from the Bill of
Rights,
all ending with a vision that
they might one day all come
true
。
129. For many the day seemed an
adventure, a long outing in
the late
summer sun
—
part liberation
from home, part Sunday
school picnic,
part political convention, and part fish fry.
130.
It
may
not
―look
to
it‖
at
once,
since
it
is
looking
to
so
many
things,
but
it
will
be
a
long
time
before
it
forgets
the
melodious(
悦耳的
)
and melancholy (
忧郁的
) voice
of the Rev.
Dr. Martin Luther Jr.,
crying out his dreams to the
multitude(
大
众
).
131.
Above
all
,
they
got
over
Lincoln‘s
point
that
―
the
necessity of being ready
increase‖, for they left no doubt that
this
was
not
the
climax
of
their
campaign
for
equality
but
merely
the
beginning,
that
they
were
going
to
stay
in
the
streets until they could
get equality in the schools, restaurants,
houses and employment agencies of the
nation, and that, as
they demonstrated
here today, they had found an effective way
to
demonstrate
for
changes
in
the
laws
without
breaking
the
law
themselves.
132.
Although
we
apparently
have
a
need
for
REM
sleep,
judging from the fact that our bodies
automatically compensate
for a loss of
it, what REM sleep actually does for us is not
clear.
133. Coming out while you were
poised unsteadily on the icy,
springy
brush
they
made
difficult
shooting
and
I
killed
two,
missed five, and
started back pleased to have found a covey to
the
house
and
happy
there
were
so
many
left
to
find
on
another day.
134.
More
important
to
them,
though,
is
that
it
gives
them
some
places
where
they
can
borrow
money
at
a
cost
that
is
usually a good deal less
than at the small-loan agency, or the
installment house, or indeed most
places.
135.
That
sex
ratio
will
be
favored
which
maximizes
the
number of descendants an individual
will have and hence the
number of gene
copies transmitted.
136.
Temporary
shortages
do
occur,
but
Simon
and
other <
/p>
boomsters(
兴
旺
论
者
)
argue
that
as
long
as
government
doesn‘t
interfere
—
by mandating
(
指令
) conservation or setting
price controls
(
价格
)
—
people will find
alternative (
代用品
).
137. He seldom ignores that many
potential votes, and it did
not
escape
the
notice
of
congressmen
that
these
Negro
organizations,
some
of
which
had
almost
as
much
trouble
getting out a crowd
as the Washington Senators several years
ago, were now capable of organizing the
largest demonstrating
throng
(
群众
)
ever
gathered
at
one
spot
in
the
District
of
Columbia..
138.
Towards
the
end
of
the
century
there
was
still
considerable argument over whether
books should be used for
information
or
treated
respectfully,
and
over
whether
the
reading
of
material
such
as
newspapers
was
in
some
way
mentally
weakening.
139.
However,
whatever
its
virtues,
the
old
shared
literacy
culture
had
gone
and
was
replaced
by
the
printed
mass
media(
宣传工具
)on the
one hand and by books and magazines
for
a specialized readership on the other.
140.
By
the
end
of
the
century
students
were
being
recommended to adopt attitudes to books
and to use skills in
reading
them
which
were
inappropriate,
if
not
impossible,
for
the oral reader.
141. Though most dictionary have a
system of making words
as
obsolete,
or
in
use
only
as
slang,
many
people,
more
especially if their use of a particular
word has been challenged,
are
likely
to
conclude,
if
they
find
it
in
a
dictionary,
that
it
is
accepted as being used by writers of
established reputation.
142. People can
be relatively rich only if others are relatively
poor, and since power is concentrated
in the hands of the rich,
public
policies will continue to reflect their interests
rather than
those of the poor.
143. Social change is more likely to
occur in societies where
there is a
mixture of different kinds of people than in
societies
where people are similar in
many ways.
144.
In
a
family
where
the
roles
of
men
and
women
are
not
sharply
separated
and
where
many
household
tasks
are
shared
to
a greater
or
lesser
extent,
Notions
of
male
superiority are hard to maintain.
145. In such a home, the growing boy
and girl learn to accept
that equality
more easily than did their parents and to prepare
more
fully
for
participation
in
a
world
characterized
by
co-
operation rather than by
the ―battle of the sexes.‖
146.
The
family
is
a
co-operative
enterprise
for
which
it
is
difficult to lay down rules, because
each family, needs to work
out its own
ways for solving its own problems.
147.
Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native
speakers,
English
is
a
language
in
which
some
of
important
works
in
science, technology, and
other fields are being produced, and
not always by native speakers.
148.
And
someone
with
a
history
of
doing
more
rather
than
less
will go into old age more cognitively sound than
someone
who has not had an active mind.
149.
Perfectionists
struggle
over
little
things
at
the
cost
of
something larger they work toward.
150.
Men
are
naturally
most
impressed
by
diseases
which
have
obvious
signs,
yet
some
of
their
worst
enemies
slowly
approach them unnoticed.
151. The trouble is that it is
extremely difficult to be sure about
radiation damage
–
--a person may feel
perfectly well, but the
cells of his or
her sex organs may be damaged, and this will
not be discovered until the birth of
deformed (
畸形
) children or
even grandchildren.
152. In
the end , only 7 out of 19 regular Cola drinkers
correctly
identified
their
brand
of
choice
in
all
for
trails.
The
diet-
Cola
drinkers
did
a
little
worse
–
only
7
of
27
identified
all
four
sample correctly.
153.
Taste
is
such
a
subjective
matter
that
we
don‘t
usually
conduct preference tests for food.
154.
It
seems
simple
enough
to
distinguish
between
the
organism
and
the
surrounding
environment
and
to
separate
forces acting on an organism into those
that are internal and
biological and
those that are external and environmental.
155.
But
in
actual
practice this
system
breaks down in
many
ways,
because
the
organism
and
the
environment
are
constantly
interacting
so
that
the
environment
is
modified
by
the
orgainism and vice versa
(
反之亦然
).
156. In
the case of man, the difficulties with the
environment
concept are even more
complicated because we have to deal
with
man
as
an
animal
and
with
man
as
a
bearer(
持有者
)
of
culture.
157.
If
we
look
at
man
as
an
animal
and
try
to
analyze
the
environmental forces that are acting on
the organism, we find
that we have to
deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and
such
like
factors
common
to
all
biological
situations;
but
we
also find,
always, very important environmental influences
that
we can only class as ―cultural‖,
which modify the physical and
biological factors.
158. We
thus easily get into great difficulties from the
necessity
of viewing culture, at one
moment, as a part of the man and, at
another moment, as a part of the
environment.
159. Unaware that their
own ability has developed through the
years, they assume the new generation
of young people must
be hopeless in
this respect.
160 Since
this concern about the decline and fall of the
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