-偏见
现在完成时和过去完成时
< br>（
1
）现在完成时：
1.
概念：
过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造
成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到
现在的动作或状态。
2.
时间状语：（时间标志词）
these days,recently, lately,in/during
the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever,
just, before, in the
past (last) few
days,so far ,once, twice ,
for
＋时间段
，
since
＋过去的时间
点
，
since
＋
—
般过去时
的从句等。
3.
基本结构：
have/has + done
4.
否定形式：
have/has + not +done.
5.
一般疑问句：
< br>把
have
或
has
放于句首。
6.
反义疑问句：
直接用
has /have
进行反问
7.
现在完成时的用法
：
①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作
对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。如：
—
Have you had your lunch
yet
？你吃过午饭了吗？
—
Yes
，
I
have.I've just had it.
是的，我刚吃过。
(
现在不饿了
)
I
have closed the door.
(
门现在是关的
)
②表示从过去开始
一直持续到现在的动作或状态，
可能还要持续下去，
常与
for
或
since
连用。
表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。如：
He has lived here since l999.
自从
1999
年以来，他就住在这儿。
I have learnt English for ten years.
我学习英语有
10
年了。
We have lived here for two years.
(
过去住到现在
)
8.
难点：
（
1
）现在完成时可和疑问词
where, why, how <
/p>
连用，但不能和
when
连用
.
故现在完成时
对时间
的提问不用
when
，只用
how
long
。
Where have you
been?
Why have
you turned off the radio?
When have you come back? (×
)
He has been in China for 4 years.
(
提问
) When(×
) /
How
long
(
?
) has he
been in China?
（
2
）
have been to /have gone to /have been
in
的区别
have been to +
地点
表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。
(once ,twice
….)
have gone to
+
地点
表示人已去了某地，人还未返回。
(where is sb
?)
have been in +
地点
表示在某地呆多长时间。
（
for….
./ since …..
）
I
have been to Beijing twice.
–
Where is Tom?
–
He has gone to HK.
Lucy has been in this school for two
years.
（
3)
短暂性动词和持
续性动词的现在完成时
A.
若后面没有时间状语
“for +
时间段，
since +
时间点
”
时，短暂性和持续性动词都可用于现
在完
成时。如：
I have
bought(
短暂
) a new computer.
(
?
)
He
has already lived (
持续
) in
the small village. (
?
)
B.
若后面有时间状语
“for +
时间段，
since +
时间点
”
时，要用
持续性动词
或
短暂性动词的否
定
。如：
They have stayed
(
持续
) in the village
for 10 years
.
I have taught(
持续
)
English at this school
since 5 years
ago
.
You
haven’t
received
(
短暂
)her
letter
for 2 weeks
.
We
haven’t left
(
短暂
)China since
20 years ago
.
注意：
非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可
以持续的。
（错）
I have received his
letter for a month.
（对）
I haven't received his
letter for almost a month.
C.
短暂性动词的肯定不能与
“for +
时间段，
since +
时间点
”
连用，若要和他们连用则要将短
暂性动词
变为相对应的动词。如：
I
have come
here for 3
years
.
(
×
)→
I
have been
here for 3 years.(
?
)
现举例说明这类动词的变化：下
划线的词是错的，括号里的词是对的，
borrow /
lend→ kept
She has
borrowed(
kept
) the magazine
since two weeks ago.
catch→ had
Kate has
caught
(
had
) a cold for one day.
buy→ had
I’ve
bought
(had
) this radio for 3
years.
put on → worn
He has put on
(
worn
) the new coat for a
week.
leave / go→been away
They have
left(
been away
)
for one year.
start / begin→ been on
The
film has
begun (
been
on
) for 8 minutes.
get up→
been up
He has
gone up(
been up
)
more than two hours.
move→ been out (of)
Jim’s family have
moved(
been out
of
) here for over 2 years.
finish→ been over
The football
match has finished(
been
over
) for two hours.
open→ been open
The factory has
opened(
been open
) since
1990.
close→ been closed
The factory has
closed (
been closed
) for 2
months.
die→ been dead
That old man has died(
been
dead)
for three years.
join→ been in/
been a member (of)
Her father has
joined
(
been in
) the Party for ten
years.
come/ become/ arrive→been(in)
They have come to(
been
in
) this school since 1990.
注意：
非延续性（短暂性）动词的肯
定不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。必须把非延续性动
词改为相应的表示延续性的动词或
短语，这时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的非延续
性动词通常作如下变换：
come/go to
→
be at /in
，
leave→be away
from
，
buy→have
，
borrow/lend
→keep
，
die→be dead
，
start/
begin→be
on
，
close→be
clos
ed
，
open→be open
，
join→be in/be a member of
/be
a soldier.....
，
go/come
there→be there
，
get married→be
married
，
get up ---be
up
，
catch a cold→have a
cold
，
return→be
back
，
fall ill→be ill
，
beco
me→be
，
has gone to→has been
in
，
die---dead
，
make friend ---be friend
fall asleep ---be asleep
，
catch a cold
–
have a
cold
，
reach/get/arrive---stay/be
等。
误：
l have bought this
computer for two years.
正：
I have had
this computer for two years.
这台电脑我买了有两年了。
（
4)
与现在完成时有关的四种句型之间的转
换。
现在完成时的四种句型：
A).
主语
+
短暂性动
词的过去式
+
时间
+ago
B).
主语
+have/has
+
延续性动词的过去分词
+for…./since ….
ago.
C).It’s
+
时间段
+si
nce
+
短暂性动词的过去式
D).
时间段
+has passed
+since +
短暂性动词的过去式
如：
“
我来广东有
4
年了
”
可用以下句型表示：
I
came
to Guangdong 4 years ago
.
→I
have been in
Guangdong for 4 years.
It’s
4 years
since
I
came
to Guangdong
→Four years
has passed since
I came to Guangdong.
His grandfather died two
years ago.
His grandfather has ____
____ for two years.
_____two years _____ his
grandfather ____.
Two years ____
____ ____
his grandfather _____.
（
5
）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
①
.
标志词不同
(
具体看两种时态标志词
)
如：
I went to
cinema two days
ago.
(
一般过去时标志词
).
He
has been away
since ten days
ago
. (
现在完成时的标志词
)
②
.
一般过去时表示动作发生在过去
，与现在无关。而现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对
现在造成影响。
< br>
I saw the film yesterday. (
< br>我昨天看了这部电影
)
（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen the film before.(<
/p>
过去看过电影，强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了，
不想
再看了）
I won’t see it again.
Has he returned the library book? Yes,
he has.
When ____ he _____(return) it
?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon .
< br>※句子中如有过去时的时间副词
（如
yesterday
, last, week, in 1960
）
时，
不能使用现在完成时，
要用过去时。
（错）
Tom has written a letter
to his parents last
night.
（对）
Tom wrote a letter
to his parents last
night.
（
6
）用于现在完成时的句型
1
）
It is the first
/ second time...
.
that…
结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It
is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the
first time
（
that
）
I've heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：
It was the third time
that the boy had been late.
2
）
This is +
形容词最高级
+that…
结构
，
that
从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the
best film that I've
（
ever
）
seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
（
7
）
比较
since
和
for
Since
用来说明动作起始时间，
for
用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more
than twenty
years.
我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I
was born.
我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有
for
作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than
twenty years.
（我现在已不在这里工作。
）
I have worked here for many
years.
（现在我仍在这里工作。
）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有<
/p>
for/since
结构的完成时中的误用。
1
）
（对）
Tom has studied Russian for three
years.
= Tom began to
study Russian three years ago, and is still
studying it now.
2
）
（错）
Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get
married six years ago, and is still getting
married now.
显然，
第二句不对，
它应改为
Harry got married
six years ago.
或
Harry has been married for six
years.
拓展：
since
的四种用法
1
）
since
+
过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、
1980,
last month, half past six
）
。<
/p>
例如
I have been here since
1989. 1989
起，我一直在这儿。
2
）
since +
一段时间
+
ago
。例如：
I have been here since five
months ago.
我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3
）
since +
从句。例如：
Great changes
have taken place since you left.
你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken
place since we were here.
我们走后，变化可大了。
4
）
It
is +
一段时间
+
since
从句。例如：
It is two years since I
became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有两年了。
【例
11
】
【
2013
，玉林】
—
D
ave
，
we will leave in 10 you
ready?
—
No
，
I________our
guide book and towels yet.
A
．
don't pack
B
．
didn't pack
C
．
have packed
D
．
haven't packed
解析：根据
no
可知，还没有准备好，排除
C
；根据句意
< br>“Dave
，我们将
10
分钟后
出发。你准
备好了吗？
”
可知从过去到
现在还没准备好，是对现在的一种影响，且标志词
yet
可知，
应用
现在完成时。
答案：
__
D
__
．
【例
12
】
【
2013
，衡阳】<
/p>
—
Look at these
stamps.I________them for five years.
—
Wow
，
they are wonderful.
A
．
kept
B
．
have kept
C
．
have bought
D
．
bou
ght
解析：由句中时间状语
for five
years
可知，本题应用现在完成时且动词应用延续性动词。
答
案：
__
B
__
．
1
）
---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___
here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案
B.
This is the first time
后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选
B
。
2
）
---Have you ____ been to our town
before?
---No, it's the first time
I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever, have
come
答案
D. ever
意为曾
经或无论何时，反意词为
never
，此两词常用于完成时。<
/p>
3
）
.
You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several
times.
A. had met
B. have met
C.
met
D. meet
答案
B.
首先本题后句强调对现在的
影响，
我知道她的模样，
你不用描述。
再次，
several
times
告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
4
）
. ---I'm sorry
to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at
all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been
B.
had been
C. was
D. will be
答案
A.
等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
对点专练：
选择填空，有时间标志词
的请在原句中圈出。
(
) 1.
–
Tom, can I borrow your book
CHICKEN SOUP?
–
Sorry, I ____ it to Mary.
A. lent
B. have
lent
C. lend
D. was lending
(
)
2. He is a top student. He ________ never________
in his lessons.
A. has,
fail
B. was, failing
C. has,
failed
D. will, fail
(
) brother
______ just _______ to Japan. He won’t
b
e back until next week.
A. will, go
B. has, gone
C. did, go
D.
was, going
(
) 4. How many machines _____ in the
last (past) few weeks?
A.
did they make
B. will they make
C. have they made
D. had
they made
(
) 5. My father ______ to Europe twice.
A. went
B. has
been
C. goes
D. is going
(
)
6. _____ you ______ your homework yet?
A. Have, finished
B. Will,
finish
C. Did, finish
D.
Are, finishing
(
) 7. China
________ several rockets into space so far.
A. has sent
B.
will send
C. sent
D. was
sending
(
) 8. He _______
an English teacher for ten years.
A. is
B. was
C.
has been
D. will be
(
) 9. Mary and
her sister ____________ the piano since 8 years
ago.
A. have played
B. played
C. play
D. are playing
(
) is the most beautiful
place that I ________ ever ________.
A. do, visit
B. am, visiting
C. have visited
D. will
visit
(
) 11. The weather is very
cold these days. I ______ a cold for a few days.
A. have caught
B. have had
C. catch
D. have
(
) 12. His grandpa ______
since five years ago.
A.
died
B. has died
C. has been
dead
D. was dying
(
) 13. How long
have you_______ in the party?
A. joined
B. taken part
C. got
D. been
(
)
14.
–
Is your father a Party
member?
–
Yes, he _____ the Party
three years ago. He _______ a member for three
years.
A. has joined, has been
B. has joined,
was
C. joined,
was
D. joined, has been
(
)
15. The train _____ for ten minutes. You have to
take another one.
A. has
gone
B. has left
C. has been
away
D. went away
（
2
）过去完成时：
1.
概念：
以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生
的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的
行为，即
“
过去的过去
”
。
----|----------|--------|---->
那时以前
那时
现在
2.
时间状语：
1).before+
过去时间，
by+
过去时间
, by the end of last
year(term, month…)
2).by the
time +
从句（一般过去时）
，主句（过去完成时）
3).
用于由
when ,after
,
before
引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。
过去完成时
+when/before
+
一般过去时
一般过去时
+after
+
过去完成时
4).
用于宾语从句中。
By the time he
was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by
himself.
到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom
was disappointed that most of the guests had left
when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
3.
基本结构：
had +
done.
4.
否定形式：
had + not
+ done.
5.
一般疑问句：
把
had
放于句首。
< br>
6.
用法：
a.
在
told, said,
knew, heard,
thought
等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said
（
that
）
she had never been to Paris.
她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
He
said that he had learned some English before.
他说过他以前学过一些英语。
b.
状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个
动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
例如：
< br>
When the police arrived, the
thieves had run away.
警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c.
表示意向的动词，
如
hope,
wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
< br>等，
用过去完成时表示
原本
…
，未能
…
。例如
：
We had hoped that you
would come, but you didn't.
那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来
典型例题
The students
___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she
___ in the office.
A. had written, left
B
，
were writing,
has left
C. had written,
had left
D. were writing,
had left
答案
D.
把书忘在办公室
发生在
去取书
这一过去的动作之前，因此<
/p>
忘了书
这一动作
发生
在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中
when
表示的是时间的一点，表示在
同学们正忙于
……
这一背景下，
when
所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：
had hardly…
when
还没等
……
就
……
。例如：
I
had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had
no sooner…than
刚
……
就
……
。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he
sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了
【真题感悟】
:
【例
1
】【
2013
天津】
33.
—
Is Tom at home?
—
No, he ______ to town.
A. has been
B. has gone
C. goes
D. will go
【解析】考
查动词的时态。
——
Tom
在家吗？<
/p>
——
不在，他已经去镇里了。表
“
已经去了某地