语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版

Chapter 4

4.1 syntactic

（句法的）

relations

4.1.1 positional relation(

位置关系）

For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the

grammatical roles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.

Positional relation or word order refers to the sequential

（有序的）

arrangement

of words in a language.

Positional

relation

are

a

manifestati on(

表现）

of

one

aspect

of

syntagmatic

relations

Word order is among the three basic ways (word order genetic and classification)

to classify language words.

Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.

4.1.2 relation of substitutability(

可代替性）

Firstly

relation

of

substitutability

refers

to

classes

or

sets

of

words

substitutable of each other grammatically in sentence with the same structure.

Secondly

it

refers

to

groups

of

more

than

one

word

which

may

be

jointly

substitutable

grammatically for a single word of a particular set.

This is what Saussure called associative(

联想的）

relations or in Hjemslev

’

s

paradigmatic(

纵聚性的

) relation.

4.1.3 relation of co-occurrence(

共现）

Means words of different sets of clauses may permit pr require the occurrence of

a

word

of

another

set

or

class

to

from

a

sentence

or

a

particular

part

of

a

sentence.

Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic rations partly to

paradigmatic relations.

4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents

4.2.1 Grammatical construction

Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to

certain complex lexemes(

词位）

4.2.2 immediate constituents(

直接成分）

Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together

form a construction:

S

NP

VP

De t

N

V

NP

De t

N

The

girl

ate

the

apple

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This

is

tree

diagram.

在句子结构分析中，

成分用来指任何语言单位，

而该单位 又是更

大语言单位的一部分，

如在

Th e

girl

ate

the

apple

本身的

（

A

）

the

boy

（

B)

ate

the

apple

(C

）

都是一个成分，

成分可以和其他成分组合组成更大的单位，

如果两个成分< /p>

B

（

the

boy

)C

(ate the apple)

结合起来形成一个更高的成分

A

Word-level

N=noun

A=adjective

V=verb

P=preposition

Det=determiner

Adv=adverb

Conj=conjunction

Phrasal

NP=noun phrase

AP=adjective phrase

VP=verb phrase

PP=preposition phrase

S=sentence or clause

To

dismantle

a

grammatical

constructure

is

this

way

is

called

immediate

constituents

or IC analysis.

Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing

the constituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit.

(((The) (girl))

((ate)

((the) (apple))))

2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions

Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to

that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which

serves as a definable centre or head.

Usually

noun

phrases,

verb

phrases

and

adjective

phrases

belong

to

endocentric

types

because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.

ntric and Exocentric Constructions

4.2.3.1Endocentric

（相信结构）

Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to

that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which

serves as a definable centre or head.

Usually

noun

phrases,

verb

phrases

and

adjective

phrases

belong

to

endocentric

types

because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.

4.2.3.1 Exocentric

（并列结构）

Exocentric

construction

refers

to

a

group

of

syntactically

related

words

where

none

of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is

no definable

“

Cen tre

”

or

“

Head

”

inside the group, usually including

the basic sentence,

the prepositional phrase,

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the predicate (verb + object) construction, and

the connective (be + complement) construction.

2.4 Coordination and Subordination

Endocentric constructions fall into two main types, depending on the relation

between constituents:

Coordination

（并列）

is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages

formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help

of a conjunction such as and, but and or .

Coordination of NPs:

[NP the lady] or [NP the tiger]

Coordination of VPs:

[VP go to the library] and [VP read a book ]

Coordination of PPs:

[PP down the stairs] and [PP out the door ]

Coordination of APs:

[AP quite expensive] and [AP very beautiful]

Coordination of Ss:

[S John loves Mary] and [S Mary loves John too].

Subordination

（从属）

refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units

so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other,

and usually a constituent of the other.

The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head. Consequently, they

can be called modifiers.

Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents. There are three basic types of

subordinate clauses:

4.3. Syntactic

（句法）

Function

The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other

parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.

Names

of

functions

are

expressed

in

terms

of

subjects,

objects,

predicators,

modifiers, complements, etc.

4.3.1 Subject

In English, the subject of a sentence is often said to be the agent, or the doer

of the action, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the agent.

In

order

to

account

for

the

case

of

subject

in

passive

voice,

we

have

two

other

terms

“

grammatical subject

”

and

“

logical subject

”

Word order

Subject ordinarily precedes the verb in the statement:

Pro- forms

The first and third person pronouns in English appear in a special form when the

pronoun

is

a

subject,

which

is

not

used

when

the

pronoun

occurs

in

other

positions:

Agreement with the verb

In

the

simple

present

tense,

an

-s

is

added

to

the

verb

when

a

third

person

subject

is singular, but the number and person of the object or any other element in the

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