儿童性教育外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting

Children: A Review Article

（针对儿童的性教育的现有方法：综述文章）

国外作者：

Ganji J, Emamian M H, Maasoumi R, et al

文献出处：

《

Iranian

Journal

of

Public

Health

》

,2017

,

46

(7)

:890-898

字数统计：

英文< /p>

2177

单词，

12737

字符；中文

3949

汉字

外文文献：

The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting

Children: A Review Article

Abstract

Background:

We

aimed

to

assess

what

is

already

known

about

sexuality

education (SE)-related policy or practical issues using review methods to search and

critically appraise the existing SE approaches targeting children under age 12 yr.

Methods:

We

completed

the

data

collection

by

an

extensive

search

of

the

English

and

Persian

published

and

unpublished

literature,

evidence

from

experts

in

the

topic,

and

by

searching

citations.

The

MeSH-terms

were

sexuality

and

training,

sexuality

education

and

programs

or

approaches,

sexuality

and

children,

sexuality

education

and

parents,

sex

or

sexuality

education,

sex

education

and

parents

or

caregivers. A systematic search of medical and health-related databases, the Cochrane

Library and Web of Science was undertaken for the years 1970

–

2015 together with

citation searching, reference list checking and recommendations from stakeholders to

identify evidence for SE.

Results:

According to the inclusion criteria, 20 documents were identified. They

were synthesized into three main categories as sexuality-related knowledge, attitudes,

and

parents'

skills

to

manage

children's

sexual

behavior

and

related

education.

Employed

approaches

to

children's

sexuality

were

reported

to

be

effective

in

developing

healthy

sexual

behavior

in

children.

Education

was

identified

as

the

primary

focus

of

the

included

packages

and

guidelines.

Parents

were

recognized

as

first line educators in SE. However, interventions aiming to improve parents' skills in

SE for children were limited. In other words, developing skills in parents, and their

competency

in

children's

sexual

behavior

management

were

not

specified

in

the

existing programs.

Conclusion:

Parents' skill- building must be the focus of SE programs in order to

address children' sexual development goals.

Keywords:

Sexuality education, Children, Parents, Review

Introduction

Sexuality has physical, social, cultural and psychological dimensions and sexual

development

is

part

of

human

being's

life.

This

dimension,

as

the

other

aspects

of

human

development,

begins

at

birth

reflected

in

one's

sexual

behaviors.

Sexual

behavior

is

the

result

of

a

deeper

and

more

complex

process

called

―

sexual

socialization. In other words, sexual behaviors are not only influenced by biological

factors, but they also become complicated through sexual socialization.

Children's sexual behaviors are strongly influenced by children's age and by how

they have been socialized. Children's sexual socialization is affected by the family and

society's belief and their function with respect to sexual matters.

Sexual

socialization

is

a

process

through

which

children

acquire

the

essential

beliefs,

attitudes,

values,

cultural

symbols,

concepts

and

meanings

on

sexuality.

In

fact,

identity

formation,

role

of

sex,

sexual

skills

and

knowledge

acquisition,

and

development of sexual attitudes are achieved in this process. Family, as the first social

group those children belong to from the early

years of their lives; is considered the

first

and

the

most

important

factor

effective

in

children's

sexual

socialization.

Children acquire their knowledge, skills, and behavior from home, school and society,

and the skills they gain can change their future. Therefore, SE by parents, as one of

the main components of sexual socialization, is one of the best strategies for children's

sexual health promotion.

Sexual

behaviors

are

common

in

children

and

more

than

50%

of

children

get

involved in different types of sexual behaviors before the age of 13. Like other age

groups,

children

need

good

care,

supervision,

and

education

during

their

sexual

development, and their main caregivers are their first line educators.

Parents are children's first and foremost teachers in the field of sexuality. Most

parents have not received such education and when it comes to SE, they tend to assign

to schools what they themselves are not willing to do.

In

Iran,

the

majority

of

parents

are

not

well

educated

with

regard

to

sexuality-related issues. In addition, there is no school-based sexual health education.

As a result, it's hard and fearful for parents to engage their children in conversations

about sexuality.

Despite the importance of parents' role in SE, they are not adequately prepared to

communicate about sexual issues. They are mainly unable to manage properly their

children's

sexual

behaviors.

Parents

lack

the

adequate

skills

in

empowering

their

young

children

to

protect

themselves

against

sexuality-related

risks,

enjoy

sex

in

adulthood, and get prepared for a healthy and intimate interpersonal interaction.

Using comprehensive programs and appropriate strategies for educating children

on sexuality seems to be essential. Cultural influences may alter the efficiency of any

educational

programs.

This

review

aimed

to

assess

what

is

already

known

about

SE-related policy or practice issue, by using systematic review methods to search and

critically appraise the existing SE approaches targeting children under age 12.

Methods

In

order

to

complete

this

review

within

a

very

short

time- frame,

rapid

review

methods

were

used

to

ensure

the

efficient

identification

and

synthesis

of

the

most

relevant evidence. The following keywords were used for search: sexuality training,

sexuality education, sex education, sexual health, skill building, guidelines, packages,

and children. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were also used. The terms included

sexuality

education

and

program

or

approach,

sexuality

and

children,

sexuality

education

and

parents,

sex

or

sexuality

education,

sex

education

and

parents

or

caregivers.

A

systematic

search

of

medical

and

healthrelated

databases

MEDLINE,

EMBASE,

PubMed,

Cumulative

Index

to

Nursing

and

Allied

Health

Literature

(CINAHL), The Cochrane Library and Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, SID,

Magiran,

and

Iranmedex

was

undertaken

for

the

years

1970

–

2015

together

with

citation searching, reference list checking and recommendations from stakeholders to

identify

evidence

for

SE.

The

rationale

for

limiting

the

review

to

1970

–

2015

was

that

sex

education

for

children

was

originated

from

the

Western

societies.

Many

American

kindergartens

started

to

implement

sexuality

education

curriculum

since

1960s, and Sweden implemented sex education for all children and adolescents since

1970.

We also searched key organizations and associations including WHO, UNICEF

UNAIDS and Ministry of Health in countries such as Canada, Australia, the U.S., and

Iran as well as active associations in the field of sexual health for children. In cases

where the reported results were incomplete, the authors were contacted and asked for

further details. The articles and gray documents were assessed based on the inclusion

and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion

criteria

were

studied

design

(articles,

gray

documents,

packages

and

guidelines

introduced

in

the

field

of

SE);

outcomes;

and

population

(children

aged

0-12); and interventions (designed to improve child sexual development through the

provision of relevant knowledge, attitude, and skills of parents). Studies published in

English and Persian was included in the study. We excluded programs targeted at the

adolescent

and

the

elderly.

Duplicate

publications

of

the

same

study

and

articles

available

only

in

abstract

form

were

also

excluded.

Studies

that

met

the

inclusion

criteria were critically appraised to assess their quality. Guideline Evaluation Tool was

used to assess study quality. This tool assesses concepts and topics covered (human

development, relationships, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, society and

culture), accuracy and relevance (information is scientifically accurate; information is

up-to-date;

information

is

presented

in

a

way

that

appeals

to

young

people;

information, graphics, and materials represent target populations).

Two

reviewers

separately

screened

the

search

results

for

inclusion

using

a

predefined

inclusion

criteria

form.

The

guidelines

and

packages

contents

were

evaluated based on their applications in improving parents' knowledge, attitudes and

skills in SE and sexual behavior management for children under 12 yr of age.

Ethics

Committee

of

Shahroud

University

of

Medical

Sciences

approved

this

review with the ethical code of .2015.48.

Results

Of

1243

studies

initially

identified,

after

some

exclusion,

20

studies

from

different regions of the world were included in

our as study shown in (Fig. 1). The

packages

and

guidelines

were

classified

into

three

main

categories

based

on

sexuality-related

knowledge,

attitude,

and

skill

(Table

1).

Employed

approaches

to

children's

sexuality

were

reported

to

be

effective

in

developing

healthy

sexual

behavior in

children. Education was identified

as the primary

focus of the included

packages

and

guidelines.

Parents

were

recognized

as

first

line

educators

in

SEs.

However,

approaches

regarding

improving

parents'

skills

in

SE

for

children

were

limited

in

number.

In

other

words,

skill-building

approaches

targeting

parents,

and

parents' competency in children's sexual behavior management were not specified in

the existing programs.

-Knowledge:

provides

accurate

information

about

human

sexuality,

including

growth and development, reproductive system, normal sexual behavior, childbirth.

-Attitude:

offers

opportunities

for

identification

of

values,

beliefs

and

culture

(personal, family, friends, and community).

-Skill: promotes the acquisition of skills in relation to competency in children's

sexual

behavior

management,

impact

on

children's

moral

growth

and

development,

the

ability

to

make

healthy

decisions,

self-confidence,

and

sense

of

comfort

with

oneself

and

one's

body,

understanding

of

children's

normal

sexual

behaviors,

appropriate

response

to

children's

sexual

questions,

identification

and

reporting

of

child sexual abuse.

Discussion