2015考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)

as fourth cousins, sharing about 1%

of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in

the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.

The

study

is

a

genome-wide

analysis

conducted

_(3)__1,932

unique

subjects

which

__(4)__pairs

of

unrelated

friends

and

unrelated

strangers.

The

same

people

were

used

in

both_(5)_.

While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical

genetics at UC San Diego, says,

“

Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow

manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.

”

The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes

for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as

the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be

many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_

”

functional Kinship

”

of being friends with_(14)_!

One

of

the

remarkable

findings

of

the

study

was

the

similar

genes

seem

to

be

evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace

in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.

The

findings

do

not

simply

explain

people

’

s_(18)_to

befriend

those

of

similar_(19)_backgrounds,

say

the

researchers.

Though

all

the

subjects

were

drawn

from

a

population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers,

were taken from the same population.

1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what

2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised

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凯程 考研辅导班，

中国最权威的考研辅导

机构

3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by

4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected

5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples

6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible

7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know

8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass

9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus

10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps

11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like

12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit

13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with

14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits

15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier

16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express

17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive

18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency

19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic

20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or

D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted

“

kings don

’

t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.

”

But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections

have

forced

him

to

eat

his

words

and

stand

down.

So,

does

the

Spanish

crisis

suggest

that

monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,

with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is

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中国最权威的考研辅导

机构

particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above

“

mere

”

politics and

“

embody

”

It

is

this

apparent

transcendence

of

politics

that

explains

monarchs

’

continuing

popularity

polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the

world,

with

10

kingdoms

(not

counting

Vatican

City

and

Andorra).

But

unlike

their

absolutist

counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to

avoid the difficult search for a non- controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they

claim to be, their very history

—

and sometimes the way they behave today

–

embodies outdated

and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists

are

warning

of

rising

inequality

and

the

increasing

power

of

inherited

wealth,

it

is

bizarre

that

wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes

and

princesses

have

day-jobs

and

ride

bicycles,

not

horses

(or

helicopters).

Even

so,

these

are

wealthy

families

who

party

with

the

international

1%,

and

media

intrusiveness

makes

it

increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe

’

s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,

it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy

’

s reputation with her rather ordinary (if

well- heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of

lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies

have

largely

survived

because

they

provide

a

service

–

as

non-controversial

and

non-political

heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans,

who are the monarchy

’

s worst enemies.

21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

[A] used turn enjoy high public support

[B] was unpopular among European royals

[C] cased his relationship with his rivals

[D]ended his reign in embarrassment

22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

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中国最权威的考研辅导

机构

[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status

[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality

[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to

[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment

23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

[A] Aristocrats

’

excessive reliance on inherited wealth

[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies

[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families

[D]The nobility

’

s adherence to their privileges

24. The British royals

“

have most to fear

”

because Charles

[A] takes a rough line on political issues

[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised

[C] takes republicans as his potential allies

[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role

25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

TEXT 2

Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now

consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone

is on or around a person during an arrest.

California

has

asked

the

justices

to

refrain

from

a

sweeping

ruling,

particularly

one

that

upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the

time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and

rapidly changing technologies.

The

court

would

be

recklessly

modest

if

it

followed

California

’

s

advice.

Enough

of

the

implications

are

discernable,

even

obvious,

so

that

the

justice

can

and

should

provide

updated

guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

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They should start by discarding California

’

s lame argument that exploring the contents of a

smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect

’

s

purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through

the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one

’

s smartphone is

more

like

entering

his

or

her

home.

A

smartphone

may

contain

an

arrestee

’

s

reading

history

,financial

history,

medical

history

and

comprehensive

records

of

recent

correspondence.

The development

of

“

cloud

computing.

”

meanwhile,

has

made

that

exploration so

much

the

easier.

But

the

justices

should

not

swallow

California

’

s

argument

whole.

New,

disruptive

technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution

’

s protections. Orin Kerr, a

law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century

with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had

to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out

how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

[A] search for suspects

’

mobile phones without a warrant.

[B] check suspects

’

phone contents without being authorized.

[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

27. The author

’

s attitude toward California

’

s argument is one of

[A] tolerance.

[B] indifference.

[C] disapproval.

[D] cautiousness.

28. The author believes that exploring one

’

s phone content is comparable to

[A] getting into one

’

s residence.

[B] handing one

’

s historical records.

[C] scanning one

’

s correspondences.

[D] going through one

’

s wallet.

29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

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[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

[D] citizens

’

privacy is not effective protected.

Kerr

’

s comparison is quoted to indicate that

(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

(C)California

’

s argument violates principles of the Constitution.

(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

Text 3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,

editor-in-chief

Marcia

McNutt

announced

today.

The

policy

follows

similar

efforts

from

other

journals,

after

widespread

concern

that

basic

mistakes

in

data

analysis

are

contributing

to

the

irreproducibility of many published research findings.

“

Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,

”

writes McNutt

in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven

experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional

scrutiny

by

the

journal

’

s

internal

editors,

or by

its

existing

Board

of Reviewing

Editors

or

by

outside

peer

reviewers.

The

SBoRE

panel

will

then

find

external

statisticians

to

review

these

manus.

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:

“

The creation of

the

‘

statistics board

’

was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data

analysis in scientific research and is part of Science

’

s overall drive to increase reproducibility in

the research we publish.

”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of

the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to

“

play primarily an advisory role.

”

He agreed to

join because he

“

found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique

and

likely

to

have

a

lasting

impact.

This

impact

will

not

only

be

through

the

publications

in

Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model

their approach after Science.

”

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31

、

It can be learned from Paragraph I that

[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

32

、

The phrase

“

flagged up

”

(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33

、

Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

[A]pose a threat to all its peers

[B]meet with strong opposition

[C]increase Science

’

s circulation.

[D]set an example for other journals

34

、

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

A. adds to researchers

’

worklosd.

B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

C. has room for further improvement.

D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors

’

Desks

D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

Text 4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch

’

s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the

“

unsettling dearth of

integrity

across

so

many

of

our

institutions

”

Integrity

had

collapsed,

she

argued,

because

of

a

collective

acceptance

that

the

only

“

sorting

mechanism

”

in

society

should

be

profit

and

the

market .But

“

it

’

s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit

”

.

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Driving

her

point

home,

she

continued:

“

It

’

s

increasingly

apparent

that

the

absence

of

purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most

dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.

”

This same absence of moral purpose was wounding

companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its

way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .

As the hacking trial concludes

–

finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy

Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of

the same charge

–

the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to

have

hacked

the

phones

of

up

to

5,500

people .This

is

hacking

on

an

industrial

scale

,as

was

acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point

person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread

phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was

how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask

and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence

was that she knew nothing.

In

today

’

s

world,

title

has

become

normal

that

well

—

paid

executives

should

not

be

accountable

for

what

happens

in

the

organizations

that

they

run

perhaps

we

should

not

be

so

surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society

should

be

profit.

The

words

that

have

mattered

are

efficiency,

flexibility,

shareholder

value,

business

–

friendly,

wealth

generation,

sales,

impact

and,

in

newspapers,

circulation.

Words

degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be

fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for

circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists

got

their

stories,

but

she

asked

no

questions,

gave

no

instructions

—

nor

received

traceable,

recorded answers.

36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by

[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

[B] companies

’

financial loss due to immoral practices.

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