aggregate第二语言习得

Second Langauge Acquisition

What is second language?

A

second language

(L2) is any

language

learned after the

first language or mother tongue

(L1).

What is foreign language?

A

foreign

language

is

a

language

used

in

a

country

other

than

one's

own.

It

is

also

a

language not spoken in the native country of the person referred to, i.e. an English speaker

living

in

China

can

say

that

Chinese

is

a

foreign

language

to

him

or

her.

These

two

characterizations

do

not

exhaust

the

possible

definitions,

however,

and

the

label

is

occasionally applied in ways that are variously misleading or factually inaccurate.

Relations between second language and foreign language?

The expression

second language

is not just in contrast with first language or mother tongue

in the literature. Some linguists make a distinction between a second language and a foreign

language.

The

contrast

is

based

on

the

social

context.

In

a

bilingual

or

multilingual

community, the

language other than one's mother tongue

is called a second language. In a

monolingual country, the language one learns is a foreign language.

What is the scope of SLA?

It is the study of how learners create a new language system with only limited exposure to a

second language.

It is also the study of why only some learners appear to achieve native-like proficiency in

more than one language.

Additionally,

second

language

acquisition

is

concerned

with

the

nature

of

the

hypotheses

(whether

conscious or

unconscious)

that

learners

come

up

with

regarding

the

rules

of

the

second language.

It is the study of what is learned of a second language and what is not learned; it is the study

of

why

most second

language

learners

do

not

achieve

the

same

degree

of

knowledge

and

proficiency in a second language as they do in their native language.

It

is the study of how second languages are

learned. In other words, it is the study of the

acquisition

of

a

non-primary

language;

that

is,

the

acquisition

of

a

language

beyond

the

native language.

A

major

goal

of

second

language

acquisition

research

is

the

determination

of

linguistic

constraints on the formation of second language grammars. Because theories of language are

concerned with human language knowledge, one can reasonably assume that this knowledge

is

not

limited

to

first

language

knowledge,

and

that

linguistic

principles

reflect

the

possibilities of human

language creation

and the

limits of human

language variation. This

scope of inquiry includes second languages.

Language pedagogy

pedagogical

decision-making

must

reflect

what

is

known

about

the

process

of

learning,

which is the domain of second language acquisition.

Rationale related to language pedagogy has to do with the expectations that teachers have of

their students.

?

Mr. Sung says “Let’s go”

?

Wexford: I wish you wouldn’t keep saying that. If I may suggest it, you should say,

“Shall we go? Or “Are you ready?”

?

Sung: Y

ou may suggest. Thank you. I am anxious to speak good. Shall we go? Are you

ready?

?

Wexford: Oh, yes, certainly.

?

Sung: Don’t reply, please. I practice. Shall we go? Are you leady? Good, I have got it.

Come, let’s go. Are you ready to go to the site? Reply now, please.

Cross-cultural Communication

Many of the speech patterns that nonnative speakers use

reflect their nonnativeness rather

than characteristics of their personality.

Cross-cultural Communication

Example 1

(1-1) From Goldschmidt (1996, p. 255)

?

NNS: I have a favor to ask you.

?

NS: Sure, what can I do for you?

?

NNS: Y

ou need to write a recommendation for me.

Example 2

?

An

international

student

whom

the

professor

did

not

know

emailed

to

ask

the

professor for an appointment, stating that she was interested in the discipline of SLA.

The professor wrote back with a suggestion of a time that they finally agreed on. The

student arrived at the appointed time and said:

?

(1-2) NNS: Y

ou wanted to see me?

Language policy and language planning

?

(a) information about second language learning,

?

(b) the kinds of instruction that can be brought to bear on issues of acquisition,

?

(c) the realities and expectations one can have of such programs.

Second language acquisition is a complex field whose focus is the attempt to understand the

processes underlying the learning of a second language.