观测-dok
雅思核心语法教程
第一章
动词时态
1.
一般现在时
1
)表示当前的情况或状态
例
1
:
Snails
are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
例
2
:哈里
在他的书房摆着一只大瓶子。
2<
/p>
)表示经常发生的动作或反复出现的情况。
例
1
:
The
riots and fighting often occur at the World Cup
and other football competitions.
例
2
:在决
定什么可以吃而什么不可以吃的时候,人们往往变得不合情理。
3
)表示客观事实或永恒真理。
p>
例
1
:
Soil
erosion threatens the productivity of land in both
rich and poor countries (
剑
3<
/p>
,
T2
,
R)
例
2
:英语
中有一个生动的说法来形容这种情况。
4
)在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来时。
例:当一个国家发展科技的时候,传统技艺和生活方式可望不会完全消失。
(
剑
3
,
< br>T2
,
W)
5
)在
see (to it),
take care
的宾语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来时。
< br>例
1
:请确保把所有的窗户都关好。
2.
一般过去时
基本形式:
规则动词在词尾加
-ed
1
)表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
例
1
:
In
the early days of the settlement of Australia,
enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the
European rabbit.
例
2
:我是土生土长的上海人。
2
)表示过去的习惯行为或经常发生
的事情。
例:去年我们经常练习游泳。
3.
一般将来时
基本形式:
will
(
第一人称可以用
shall)
+
动词原形。
1
)表示在将来出现的情况或者发生的动作。
例
1
:
I
hope that there will be a lot more schools, and
not so much pressure on students to pass
exams. (
剑
3
,
T1
,
S)
例
2
:我认
为在未来的
50
年中国的教育质量会有很大的提高。
(
剑
3
,
T1
,
S)
1
雅思核心语法教程
2
)表示习惯或者倾向
例
1
:
The
myth is that from a disorderly array of factual
information an orderly, relevant theory
will somehow emerge. (
剑
3
,
T1
,
R)
例
2
:海豚会把落水者推到水面使其得救,或者在落水者周围形成一个保护圈使其免遭鲨鱼
的袭击。
4.
现在进行时
基本形式:
系动词
(is, am
或
are)
+
动词
-ing.
1
)表示现在正在进行的动作
例
1
:
We
’
re doing some market research
for a new television channel. (
剑
2
,
T3
,
< br>L)
例
2
< br>:越来越多的日本游客正在前往澳大利亚度假。
(
剑
p>
3
,
T2
,
W)
例
3
:空气污染正日益成为全世界政府和人民忧虑的焦点。
(
剑
3
,
T4
,
R)
2
)现在进行时的句子中,经常会有一些表示当前、频率、或持续的副词,包括
a
lways,
constantly, continually,
currently, forever,
perpetually
等。
例
1
:
He
is
forever
talking
about
the
friendly
people,
the
clean
atmosphere,
the
closeness
to
nature and the gentle pace of living.
例
2
:它们
的轮廓总是在变化。
(
剑
2
,
T1
,
R)
例
3
:吸烟
的人在不断地破坏自己的肺。
(
剑
3<
/p>
,
T1
,
R)
3
)表示即将要发生的事情
例:
The theater is reopening
soon after its three-year redevelopment program. (
剑
6
,
T1<
/p>
,
L)
5.
过去进行时
基本形式:
was (were)
+
动词
-ing
1
< br>)表示在过去的某个时间动作正在进行
例
1
:
The
United States discovered in 1982 that about one-
fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil
at a rate likely to diminish the
soil
’
s productivity. (
剑
3
,
T2
,
R)
例
1
:另一名病人可能同样抱怨她的邻居联合起来在对她进行诽谤和迫害。
2
)表示过去很快就要发生的事情
例:
Mr. White told me that he
was leaving for Singapore in a few days.
6.
现在完成时
基本形式:
has (have) +
动词
-ed
1
)表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响
例
1
:
He
can
’
t enter for the race
because he has broken his leg.
例
2
:广播和电视使广告商得以用这种手段吸引成百万人的注意力。
2
雅思核心语法教程
2
)现在完成时强调动作的完成
例
1
:
We
have all experienced days when everything goes
wrong.
例
2
:在所有的大洲之中,野生动物最大幅度的减少出现在北美。
3
)表示从过去持续到现在的状态
例
1
:
My
parents have been married for 28 years and still
get along very well. (
剑
3
,
T1
,
S)
例
2
:近年来从人类学和考古学方面收集到的
证据表明,该地区已维持一系列的当地文化长
达
11000
p>
年之久。
(
剑
3<
/p>
,
T3
,
R)
4
)现在完成时与特定词语一起使用
这些词语包括:
since
自从;
p>
so far
迄今为止;
as yet
(to date)
迄今为止;
over
(
或
in) the past
…
p>
在过去的
……
时间里等。
< br>
例
1
:
Over the years,
I’
ve
collected maps and other data to prepare what I
call a
“
route
book
”
for
the
trip. (
剑
2
,
T1
,
L)
例
2
:奥运会自
1924<
/p>
年开始,已经发展壮大起来了。
(
剑
p>
3
,
T1
,
W)
例
3
:在过去一个世纪,人类基因库的构成没有发生显著的变化。
(
剑
3
,
T4
,
R)
7.
过去完成时
基本形式:
had +
动词
-ed
1
)表示到过去的某个时候为止,动作已经完成
例
1
:
Even though we had
known each other for so many years, we
didn
’
t become good friends
till middle school. (
剑
3
,
T4
,
S)
例
2
:到
1999
年
3
月,失业率达
到
5%
的平稳状态。
(
剑
3
,
T4
< br>,
W)
例
< br>3
:另一个参与项目的部门表现不太好,生产率只增长了
15%
,这个部门以前在所有部门
中也是最差的。
(
剑
3
,
< br>T4
,
R)
2
)过去完成时表示从过去的过去持续到过去的状态
例:
He had been on the throne
for barely eight months when he authorized this
measure.
3
)过去完成时用于一些句型
用于
It was the first (second,
last
…
) time that sb. had
done sth.
句型。
例:
It was the first time I
had ever entered a talent contest. (
剑
p>
3
,
T3
,
S)
4
)用于
no
sooner
…
than
或
hardly
…
when (
一
……
就
)
句型
例:
I
had
no
sooner
got
off
the
ship
than
I
was
assailed
by
a
man
who
wanted
to
sell
me
a
diamond
ring.
8.
现在完成进行时
基本形式:
has (have) been +
动词
-ing
1
)表示动作从过去某个时候开始,一直持续到当前
例
p>
1
:
We
’
ve been talking about a teacher who
influenced you.
我们一直在谈论对你产生影响的一位老师。
3
雅思核心语法教程
例
2
:我的眼睛一直在流眼泪,这种情况困扰我好几天了。
(
剑
3
,
G
,
TA
,
W)
例
3
:近代
以来,科学研究一直在提供证据,表明经年累月地吸烟会大大地增加患绝症的风
险。
p>
(
剑
3
,
T1
,
R)
9.
过去将来时
基本形式:
would (should) +
动词原形
表示过去某个时间即将发生的动作
例
1
:
There were
hopes that the problem of the rabbit would become
manageable.
有望解决欧洲兔子所带来的问题。
例
2
:我告诉我的父母我会早点回来。
I told my parents that I should return
early.
表示过去的习惯或倾向
例
1
:
He
would often make up stories or give us examples
from his own life. (
剑
3
,
T1
,
S)
他会经常编出一些故事,或者给我们讲他本人的生活实例。
第二章
被动语态
基本构成:主语
+
系动词
+
动词的
-ed
形式
< br>如果需要说明施动者,
则由介词
by
引出,
置于动词的
-ed
形式之后
。
被动语态的时态变化由
系动词加以体现。
1.
当太多的爱过热情被释放出来的时候,国际间的紧
张关系实际上是升温了。
(
剑
3
,
T1
,
W)
International tensions are actually
enhanced when too much patriotic emotion is
released.
2.
令人困扰的是,在这十年期间,发
展中国家没有更多的进步。
(
剑
3
p>
,
T3
,
W)
What
is
disturbing
is
that
not
more
progress
was
made
during
this
ten-
year
period
by
the
developing countries.
3.
作为个人通信手段的电子邮件正在被手机短信取代。
p>
(
剑
3
,
T2
,
W)
E-mail is being replaced by SMS (short
message sent by cell phone) for personal
communication.
4.
1993
年进行的一项对环保效果的研究发现,随着化肥补贴的终止,出现了化肥使用量的
下降。
(
剑
3
,
T2
,
R)
A study of the environmental effects in
1993 found that the end of fertilizers subsidies
had been
followed by a fall in
fertilizer use.
5.
这项工作到明天的这个时候将已完成。
The work will have been finished by
this time tomorrow.
6.
所有参加奥林匹克运动的民族都会觉得奥运会是一项非常珍贵、值得保留和骄傲,并且
极具价值,可为后代传承的遗产。
(
剑
3
,
T1
,
W)
All the nations which
participate in the Olympics feel the Games is
something very precious, to be
preserved and honored, a valuable
legacy to be carried on for future generations.
7.
保姆与工厂职工之间的差别必
须加以考虑。
(
剑
3
< br>,
T3
,
W)
The difference between the babysitter
and the factory worker has to be considered.
8.
一种文化的传统方面是其历史
的一部分,并且从一个国家文化特性的角度来看,它应该
得到一定程度的保留。
(
剑
3
,
T2
,
W)
Traditional
aspects
of
a
culture
are
part
of
its
history
and
should
be
maintained
to
a
certain
degree from the
perspective of a national cultural identity.
4
雅思核心语法教程
9.
他们的工作状况应该总是受其父母的监督。
Their work condition should always be
supervised by their parents.
第三章
从句
第一部分
定语从句
1.
类型
例句
限制性定语从句
1. I love
anything
that makes me
laugh
.
我喜欢让我发笑的任何事物。
2.
This
diploma
course
is
available
only
to
those
who
already
hold
a
degree
in
psychology
.
非限制性定语从句
1.
Often
music
was
played
out
of
doors,
where
nature
provided
the
environment
.
音乐常在户外演奏,在那里大自然
提
供了环境。
这个证书课程只提供给已经拥有心理学
2.
The
famous
monastery
of
St.
Bernard,
which
was
founded
in
the
学位的人员。
3.
The
feature
which
makes
fireflies
and
eleventh
century
,
lies
about
a
mile
glow-worms so
appealing
is their ability to
away.
produce an often
dazzling display of light.
著名的圣伯纳德修道院谓语约一英
萤火虫之所以如此吸引人是因为它们常
里远的地方,
是在十一世纪建造的。
3.
Many
people
in
industry
and
the
常能够发出耀眼的光芒。
Services,
who
have
practical
experience
of
noise
,
regard
any
investigation
of
this
question
as
waste of time.
在工业部门和部队服役的许多人对
噪音都有切身的体会,他们认为对
< br>于噪音问题进行任何研究都是浪费
时间。
区别
1.
限定正在谈论的事物
2. that
可以替换
who
或
which
3.
如果关系代词指的是宾语的话,可以<
/p>
省略
4.
无逗号
例句
修饰事物:
他们往往对维护民族尊严的时间给予大量关注。
They tend to pay a lot of attention to
events that support national pride.
修饰人:
我想跟你谈谈以为特殊的老
师,他对我的教育产生了重大影响。
(
剑
3
,
T1
,
S)
I
would
like
to
tell
you
about
a
special
teacher
that
had
a
big
influence
on
my
education.
1994
到
1995
年期间出现了很大的增长,这种情况在未来的几年里很有可能还会
持续下去。
(
剑
3
,
T2
,
W)
The year 1994 and 1995 saw great
increases, which likely continued into the
following
5
1.
给出附加的非本质信息
2.
不能用
that
3.
关系代词不可省略
4.
必须有逗号
2.
引导词
引导词
that
which
雅思核心语法教程
years.
who
whom
约翰逊当时是诗人兼批评
家,他能够把常识升华到天才的高度。
(
剑
5
,
T1
,
R)
Johnson was a poet and critic who
raised common sense to the heights of genius.
如果我们鼓励孩子们去竞争,他们可能会成为一群只看中胜利
的人。
(
剑
5
,
T3
,
W)
If we encourage our children to
compete, they might become people for whom the
only important thing is victory.
Malaysia Airlines flight
MH370, a Boeing 777-200 jetliner, leaves Kuala
Lumpur bound
for Beijing with 227
passengers on board, 154 of whom are Chinese, and
a Malaysian
crew of 12.
whose
对于那些工作安稳的人来说,加薪几乎是不可能的。
(
剑<
/p>
6
,
T3
,
p>
R)
For those whose jobs are
secure, pay increases are rarely possible.
when
where
why
The opening ceremony is
scheduled to be held on Thursday, when Chinese
Primer Li
Keqiang will be attendance to
make a keynote speech.
在有些情形
下,合作是必要的。
(
剑
5
,
T3
,
W)
There are situations where cooperation
is necessary.
发生这种变化的主要原因之一
就是电视的影响力增大了。
(
剑
3
p>
,
G
,
TB
,
W)
One of the major
reasons why this change has happened is the
increased influence of
TV.
whereby
表示“凭借,借以”
,相当于
by
which
政府可以推行一个体系,让产生更多垃圾的个人
和公司支付更多的资金,用于处
理垃圾。
(
剑
5
,
G
,
TB
,
W)
The
government
could
introduce
a
system
whereby
individuals
and
companies
that
produce more waste must pay more money,
to cover the cost of dealing with it.
than
It is much
more holistic than is immediately apparent from
reading the final thesis or
published
papers. (
剑
3
,
T1
,
R)
这远比使人
一读就懂的定稿论文或已发表的论文来得更全面而完整。
当主句出现
such, as, the same
等词时,
定语从句往往由
as
引导,
从而构成固定结
构。
At exactly the same time as this new
realization of the finite character of health-care
resources was sinking in, an awareness
of a contrary kind was developing in Western
society. (
剑
4
,
T4
,
R)
就在保健资源是有限的这个新认识被理解的同时,
一种相反的观点也在西
方社会
逐渐形成。
As
引导非限制性定语从句,不仅可以修饰某个词语,而且可以修饰整个主句。从
句位置很灵活,可位于句首,句尾和句中。
As will
be observed, the hierarchically controlled
programs increased productivity by
about 25%. (
剑
3
,
T4
,
R)
p>
可以看到,等级控制项目使生产率增长约
25%
。
介
词
+
At
which time
在这时
which
+
要是滴眼液有效并且我
可以让眼睛休息,
我相信一周后我就能戴隐形眼镜或者普
名词<
/p>
通眼镜,到时候我就能够开始新工作了。
(
剑
3
,
G
,
TA
,
W)
Assuming the eye drops work, and I am
able to let my eyes rest, I trust I will be able
to
wear my contract lenses or glasses
after a week, at which time I will be able to
report
6
as
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