滑冰的英文英美概况部分重点术语2

英美概况重点术语

2

13)

Service industries

Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product. Service

industries

range

from

banking

to

telecommunications

to

the

provision

of

meals

in

restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is

sometimes said that the US has moved into a

14)

Manifest Destiny

T

he beliefs that Americans are God’s chosen and that American people have a special

destiny under God.

15)

Laissez Faire

Laissez

Faire

is

an

economic

doctrine

that

opposes

governmental

regulation

of

or

interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to

operate according to its own economic laws.

16)

Higher education in America

In

America,

higher

education

refers

to

education on

the

college

level.

American

higher

education includes four categories

of institutions. They are the

university, the

four-year

undergraduate institution (the college) the technical training institution and the two- year or

community college. Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many

universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher

quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.

17)

Affirmative action program

Affirmative

Action

Programs

were

first

advocated

by

some

colleges

in

the

1960s.

The

purpose of the programs was to equalize educational opportunities for all groups and to

make up for past inequality by giving special preference to members of minorities seeking

jobs or admission to college.

18)

The civil rights movement

It is one

of the most important of all social movements in

the

1960s in

America. Rosa

Parks' spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights

movement.

The

black

students'

sit-in

at

a

department

lunch

counter

in

North

Carolina

touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil

rights organizations like the SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by

providing

leadership,

tactics,

network

and

the

people.

In

the

latter

half

of

the

decade,

some

black

organizations

changed

their

nonviolent

tactics,

and

emphasized

on

more

radical

means

to

end

discrimination

and

raised

the

self- image

of

the

blacks.

The

civil

rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King. Jr., and Malcolm X,

who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for

racial equality in the US.

19)

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A

black

Baptist

minister,

he

was

the

leader

of

the

Southern

Christian

Leadership

Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of

nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized

a series of

delivered his famous

only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.

Due

to

his

strong

belief

in

non- violent

peaceful

protest,

King

was

awarded

the

Nobel

Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.

20)

Counterculture

In

the

wake

of

the

Free

Speech

Movement

and

the

New

Left,

there

appeared

a

phenomenon

that

historians

called

the

The

counterculture

rejected

capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by

their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the

most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, and

drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for

the

counter

cultural

assault

on

the

traditional

American

society.

The

counterculture

exerted a great influence upon people's attitude toward social morals, marriage, career

and success.

21)

White-collar crimes

White- collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of

fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution,

tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar

crimes. In fact, white- collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some

sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than

the lower classes.

22)

The containment policy

The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. By containment, the US

meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet

Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US

fought two was in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

23)

Sep11 terrorist attack

On Sept. 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked four American passenger planes, two smashing into

the World Trade Towers, one into

the Pentagon, and

the fourth

one

smashing

into

the

fields in Pennsylvania as a result of the struggle by the passengers. 3000 innocent lives

were

lost

in

the

terrorist

attacks.

The

whole

world

was

shocked,

and

Anti-terrorism

became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world.

24)

The Bush Doctrine (the strategy of preemtion)