叫鸡-护脚
英国文学复习总结详解
Part
one:Early and medieval English literature
< br>1.
Beowulf
《贝奥武甫》
------the
national
epic
of
the
English
people
,it
is
also
the
epic
of
the
Anglo-
Saxon.(P3)
name of the terrible
monster------
Grendel(
格伦德尔
)(P3)
most
striking
feature
in
its
poetical
form
is
the
use
of
alliteration(
头韵
)
，
others
are
metaphor
（暗喻）
and
understatement(
保守陈述
)(P5)
4The Norman Conquest
（诺曼征服）
marks the
establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)
romance(
传奇文学
)(P8)
The
most
popular
of
literature
in
fedual
England
was
the romance.
It was
a
long
composition,
sometimes in verse,
sometimes in prose, describing the life and
adventures of a noble hero.
The hero of
the romance was the the knight, a man of noble
birth, skilled in the use of weapons.
It was written for the noble
class(
贵族的文学
) Romances falls
into three cycles :
“matters of Britain”( adventures of
King Arthur and his knights of the Round
Table),
“matters of France” (Emperor
Charlemagne and his peers)
“matters of Rome”.
(Alexander the Great and so for
th)
6.
William Langland
威廉
·
朗兰
------
Piers the
Plowman
《耕者皮尔斯》
(P11)
ballads(
民谣
)(P17)
The
most
important
department
of
English
folk
literature
is
the
is
a
story
told
in
song ,usually in 4-line
stanzas
[
?st?nz
?<
/p>
],
with the second and fourth
lines rhymed.
It was written for common
people(
平民文学
). The subjects
of ballads are various in kind,as the
struggle
of
young
loves
against
their
feudal-minded
families,the
conflict
between
love
and
wealth
,the
cruelty
of
envy,the
criticism
of
the
civil
war,and
the
matters
of
class
struggle.
The
most famous ballads are the ballads of
Robin Hood.
ey Chaucer’
Contributions
<1>Father of
English poetry in 14
th
century.
Chaucer
introduces
from
France
the
rhymed
stanzas
of
various
types
instead
of
the
old
Anglo-Saxon
alliterative
verse,especially
the
rhymed
couplet
of
5
accents
in
iambic
meter(the
heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)
<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who
wrote in the
English language. His
production of so much
excellent
poetry
is
an
important
factor
in
establishing
English
as
the
literary
language
of
the
did
much
in
making
the
dialect
of
London
the
standard
for
the
modern
English
speech.(P26)
<3>the founder of English realism(P23)
The
Prologue(
序言
)suppies a
miniature of the English so
ciety of
Chaucer’s time
<4>.
he forerunner of humanisim (P24
倒数第二行
)
ey Chaucer
died in 1400 and was buried in
Westminster Abbey
（
威斯敏斯特教堂）
thus
founding the
“Poets’ Corner”..(P20)
10.
The Romaunt of the
Rose
(translated from
Franch)
《玫瑰传奇》
Troilus and Criseyde
(adapted
from the Italian)
《特洛勒斯和克莱西》
10.
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里
·
乔叟
------<
/p>
The Canterbury
Tales
《坎特伯雷故事集》
The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner
（卖赎罪券者）
，
the Nun’s
Priest (
尼姑的牧师
)
，
the Wife of
Bath,together with
the Prologue,are the best of the whole
collection.(P24)
（了解一下）
Part two:The English renaissance
ical background
Reformation(
宗教改革
)
2.
the
Authorized
Version(
钦定版圣经
)
3.
The
Enclosure
movement
（圈地运动）
4 The commercial
expansion
（贸易扩张）
5 The war
with
Spain
（与西
班牙战争）
6
Renaissance
（文艺复兴）
7 Humanism<
/p>
（人文主义）
（
P27-30
）
More
托马斯<
/p>
·
莫尔
Utopia
《乌托邦》
Utopia
is
More's
masterpiece,
written
in
the
form
of
a
conversation
between
More
and
a
returned is divided into two
books.(P37)
Book I of
Book
Ⅱ
we have a
picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some
unknown ocean.(P37)
3.
Thomas Wyatt(
托马斯
·
韦阿特
):
He first
introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.
Surrey(
萨里
)
，
in his tranlation
Virgil’s
Aeneid
《埃涅伊德》
,wrote the first
English blank verse(
无
韵诗
)
，
later masrerly
handled by Shakepeare and Milton.
4
Philip Sidney(
菲利普
·
锡德尼
)
Astrophel and
Stella
《爱星者与星星》
Apology for
Poetry
《为
诗辩护》
Raleigh(
华尔特
·
罗利
) Discovery of
Guiaana
《发现圭亚那》
,Historty of
the world
6.
of
the period was
Edmund
Spenser
.
The Shepherd’s Cale
ndar
《牧羊人日记》
，
Epith
alamion
《新婚颂歌》
，
mas
terpiece
The Faerie
Queen
《仙后》
7.
The Faerie Queen
《仙后》
（
P42
）
<1>Spenser’s grestestwork,is a
long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished
work was
dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.
<2>each
guest
has
a
knight,each
knight
represents
a
virtue(
美
德
),as
Holiness
（
圣
洁）
,Temperance(
温和
)
，
Ch
astity(
贞洁
)
，
Friendship,Justice
（正义）
a
nd Courtesy(
谦恭
).
<3>The knight as a whole symbolize
England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as
King Philip
of Spain,Mary Queen of
Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.
<4>The thoughts of the poem are
nationalism,humanism,puritanism
<5>
The Faerie
Queen
is written in a special verse
form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines
followed by a ninth line of six iambic
feet (an
alexandrine
亚历山大诗行
),with the
rhyme scheme
ababbcbc c , the form
called
斯宾塞诗节
)
（
P43
）
Lyly
（约翰
·
黎里）
------
Euphu
es
《优弗依斯》
was
written
in
a
peculiar
style
known
as
< br>Euphuism
（
优弗依斯体
或
绮丽体）
(P44)
9. Francis Bacon
（弗朗西斯
·
培根）
the founder of
English materialist
philosophy(
唯物主义
) and
modern science
（
P4
5
）
<1>
Advancement of
Learning
《学问的演进》
<2>
New
Instrument
《新工具》
---a
statement of what is called the
Inductive Method
(
归纳法
)
<3>
Eassy
《随笔》
These essays cover a wide variety of
subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents
and children,
beauty, studies, riches,
youth and age, garden, death and many others.
（
P46
）
Of
study
《论读书》
Miracle
Play(
奇迹剧
)(P46)
The miracle were simply plays based on
Bible stoies,such as the creation of the
world,Noah(
诺
亚
)and
the flood, and the birth co were at first
performed in the after
the actors
introduced secular(
世俗
)and
even commercial elements into the performance,it
was
forbidden inside the church ,so it
got into the market place.
ty
play(
道德剧
)(P47)
A morality presented the conflict of
good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mer
cy(
怜悯
)
，
Peace,Hate,Folly and so contended for the
possession of one’s soul.
The
morality
was
dreary
performance
with
endless
speech-making
of
those
abstract
into the plays Vice(
恶习
)who
was the predecessor of the modern clown.
Interlude(
插剧
)
classical drama------comedy and
tragedy
14.
Wits
大学才子
)
They
were
Lyly,
Peele,
Marlowe,
Greene,Lodge
and
Nash).
wrote for the stage
of the time.
15.
Christopher Marlowe(
克里斯托弗
·
马洛
)t
he
most gifted of the
（
P50
）
Marlowe's best plays :
Tamburlaine the
Grea
《帖木儿大帝》
t
,
The Jew of
Malta
《马耳他的犹
太人》
and
Doctor Faustus
《浮士德博士》
.
（
P51
）
The Tragical
History of Doctor Faustus
is Marlowe'
doctor sold his soul to Devil
so he may
live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)
Marlowe's Literary Achievement
（
P55
）
<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the
pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English
drama
and perfected the language and
verse of dramatic works.
<2>He first
made
blank verse
(unrhymed
iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of
English
drama.
<3>Marlowe's
dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical
and at times lyrical verse.
<4>His
works
paved
the
way
for
the
plays
of
the
greatest
English
dramatist
–
Shakespeare
-
whose achievements were the monument of
the English Renaissance.
16 Ben Jonson<
/p>
（本
·
琼森）
-
--
Volpone, or the Fox,
《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》
The Alchemist.
《炼金
术士》
，
Eve
ry Man in His Humour
《个性互异》
，<
/p>
Bartholomew Fair
《巴梭罗缪市集》
（
P94
）
William Shakespeare
1.
Shakespeare’s
career may be divided into four major phrases
which represent respectively
his early,
mature, flourishing, and late periods.
（
P60
）详见课本
great Comedies
A
Midsummer Night's
Dream
《仲夏夜之梦》
，
The
Merchant of
Venice
《威尼斯商人》
，
As
You
Like
It
《皆大欢喜》
，
Twelfth
Night
《第十二夜》
are
Shakespeare’s great comedies.
Character Analysis of Shylock
夏洛克人物形象分析
He is
greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He
is also cruel. In order to revenge, he
would
rather claim a pound
of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his
loan.
他是贪婪的，
竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复
仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
He is
tragic, he is the representative of the Jews
suffering from racial discrimination and religious
persecution
他也是可悲的，他是犹太人遭受种族歧视和宗教迫害的代表。
Character Analysis of Portia
鲍西亚人物形象分析
Portia
is a woman of the Renaissance-beautiful,
prudent
精明的
,
cultured
有教养的
,
courteous
有礼貌的；谦恭的
,
resourceful
足智多谋
的；机智的
,
decisive
果断的，
,
independent
and
capable of rising to an emergency. She
is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women.
ical Plays
Henry
V is only one ideal king in Shakespeare’s
historical plays
（
P72
）
Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV
.
（
P75
）
Tragedies
Hamlet
《哈姆雷特》
,
Othello
《奥赛罗》
, King
Lear
《李尔王》
,
and
Macbeth
《麦克白》
are
Shakespeare's great tragedies.
7 .Hamlet is considered the summit
(
巅峰之作
)of Shakespeare’s
art
The Character Analysis
of Hamlet
哈姆雷特人物形象分析
(1)Hamlet
is
a
humanist,
he
has
an
unbounded
love
for
the
world
instead
of
the
cherishes a profound
reverence for men,and a firm belief in men’s power
ang destiny.(P86
页，
第
二段
)
(2)Starting
from
his
humanist
love
of
man,he
turns
to
those
around
him
with
the
same
his
contact with the people ,he cares for nothing but
human worth .
（
P86
，
第三段）
(3)Hamlet
is a man of genius,highly accomplished and
educated,a man of far-reaching perception
and sparkling is a scholar ,soldier
and statesman.(P87,
第二段
)
The melancholy of Hamlet
哈姆雷特的忧郁
(4)His
melancholy is rather the result of his penetrating
habit of mind.(
书上
P87
< br>标题下第
3
行
)
(5)It is not merely personal revenge
that Hamlet is more important is to expose the
roots of the evil and to establish a
regain of justice(P87
倒数第六行
)
This ,and this only,is the cause of
Hamlet’s profound melancholy.(P88)
.
es of
Shakespeare's Dramatic Works
1.
Shakespeare
is
one
of
the
founders
of
realism
in
the
world
literature.
He
described
the
decaying of the feudal society and the
rising of the bourgeois spirit.(P91)
2.
Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of
Greek and Roman, Italian and English(P92)
3.
Shakespeare’s
dramatic
works
are
very
elastic.
The
action
develops
freely,
without
being
hindered by the classical rules of
three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and
action)(P92)
4.
Shakespeare
was
skilled
in
many
poetic
forms:
the
Song,
the
sonnet,
the
couplet,
and
the
dramatic blank verse.(P93)
5. Shakespeare was a great master of
English language. In his drama, he used about
16,000 words.
Many
of
his
new
coinages
and
turns
of
expression
have
become
everyday
usage
in
English
life.(P93)
m Shakespeare’s
sonnets(
莎士比亚十四行诗
)
Shakespeare had written 154 sonnets.
<1>Theme :
in this world no
beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art;
and your beauty
can only last if I
write it down in my poetry. its theme also for the
sigh of life, friendship, love and
criticism at social phenomenons.
<2>Sonnet’s end rhyme scheme of: ABAB
CDCD
EFEF
GG
It is usual for there to be
a pause for thought (
each
quatrain,
especially
the
2nd.,
in
order
to
add
tension,
with
the
sonnet
resolving
to
its
objective
in the final couplet.
Part three:The
English Bourgrois Revolution
1.
Puritanisim(
< br>清教主义
)(P99)
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