硬件技术英美诗歌选读复习内容

2021年1月20日发(作者：challenger)
名词解释

1
、
Epic:
A
long
and
narrative
poem
written
in
an
elevated
style
that
recounts
the
adventures of a hero, who often embodies the traits of a nationor people. The
earliest
epic
tales
survived
for
centuries
as
oral
traditions
before
they
were
finally written down.
Epics typically share a wide variety of characteristics:

1) the protagonist is a hero of great stature and significance;
2) the setting is vast in scope, often involving more than one nation;

3) the action requires noble, fantastic, and even superhuman actions;
4)
the
theme
reflects
timeless
values,
such
as
courage
and
honor,
and
encompasses universal ideas, such as good and evil or life and death;

Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in English.

2
、
Sonnet
A sonnet is a poetic form which originated in Italy. In the 13
th
century, sonnet
refers to a 14-line lyric poem with a complicated rhyme scheme and a defined
structure, usually written in iambic pentameter. Sonnet can be divided into 3
types according to different structures:
1)

Petrarchan sonnet. It was derived from the great Italian poet Petrarch;
2)

Shakespearean sonnet. The shakespearean sonnet form contains 3 quatrains
and a heroic couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. The most famous
sonneteer is William Shakespeare;
3)

Spenserian
sonnet.
It
was
introduced
in
Britain
by
Sir
Thomas
Wyatt.
It
contains 3 quatrains and a couplet. What is unique to the Spenserian sonnet is
the interlocking rhyme scheme:abab bcbc cdcd ee.

3
、
Pastoral
A
pastoral
is
a
poem
that
presents
shepherds
in
idealized
rural
settings.
Renaissance poets like Marlowe and Raleigh used the pastoral form to express
their feelings and thoughts about love and other subjects. Shepherd in pastoral
tend
to
use
courtly
speech.
The
poems
usually
have
metrical
patterns
and
rhyme schemes that help give them a musical or songlike quality. The imagery
derives from commonplace country settings.

4
、
Metaphysical poetry
Metaphysical poetry is term adopted by Samuel Johnson to describe a school
of
highly
intellectual
poetry
marked
by
bold
and
ingenious
conceits,
incongruous
imagery,
complexity
of
thought,
frequent
use
of
paradox,
and
often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the
metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion. The metaphysical poetry can
be difficult to understand. They share several traits:
1)

simple, conventional vocabulary, but complex sentence patterns;
2)

Metaphysical
conceits,
a
type
pf
extended
metaphor
comparing
very
dissimilar things;
3)

Paradoxes, or statements that seem to contradict themselves;
4)

Disruptions of poetic meter;
5)

Witty and imaginative plays on words.
The chief representative of this school was John Donne.

5
、
Elegy
Elegy is derived from the Greek work
“
elego
s”, which mean
smournful poem
or song . The forms of elegies we see today were introduced in the 16th century.
Elegy is a form of literature which can be defined as a poem or song in the form
of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. It typically laments
or mourns the death of the individual.
Elegy
is
one
of
the
richest
literary
forms
because
it
has
the
capacity
to
hold
emotions that deeply influence people. The strongest of the tools elegy uses is
its
reliance
on
memories
of
those
who
are
no
more.
Most
of
the
poets
who
wrote elegies were evidently awed by the frailty of human beings and how the
world completely forgets about the deceased at some point.
A
famous
example
is
“Elegy
Written
in
a
Country
Churchyard”
by
Thomas
Gray.

6
、
Satire
Satire
is
a
technique
employed
by
writers
to
expose
and
criticize
foolishness
and
corruption
of
an
individual
or
a
society
by
using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by
criticizing
its
follies
and
foibles.
A
writer
in
a
satire
uses
fictional
characters,
which stand for real people, to expose and condemn their corruption.
Usually satire has two style:
1)

the gentle, playful, and sympathetic approach of Horatian satire
The famous writer who wrote satiric poetry in Horatian mode is Alexander Pope,
poking
fun
at
the
dandies
and
ladies
of
high
society
and
addressing
moral
political, and philosophical issues in clever, elegant couplets.

2)

The darker, biting style of Juvenalian satire
The representative writer of this kind of satire is Jonathan Swift, who attacked
educators, politicians, churchmen, and any others he saw as corrupt.

诗歌分析

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

By Christopher Marlowe

(paraphrase)
Come live with me and be my love. We will try all the pleasure offered by valleys,
roves, woods and mountains.
I want us to sit upon the rocks with shallow rivers falling under our feet, seeing
those
shepherds
far
away
feeding
their
sheep,
and
hearing
birds
sing
beautifully around us.
And I will use roses to make beds decorated with a thousand sweet-smelling
posies for you to lie. I will weave a flower cap, and make you kirtle fringed with
myrtle leaves.
We pull out of the finest wool from our lambs to make a pretty gown. And a pair
of high-qualited slippers will be made for you, to keep you from being cold. On
the slippers I will put buckles, which was made of purest gold.
Also, I will make you a belt of straw and ivy buds with coral clasps and amber
studs. If these pleasure may touch your heart, come live with me and be my
love.
The young shepherd shall dance and sing in each May morning to delight you,
and if you may be touched by these delights, then live with me and be my love.

Analysis
“
The
Passionate
Shepherd
to
His
Love
”

is
a
love
poem
that
contains
six
quatrains of rhyming couplets in iambic tetrameter
. The rhyme meter is aabb.
Its
simple,
musical
language
and
fanciful
imagery
create
an
idyll
of
innocent
love. The tone of the poem is passionate, eager and fanciful.

In
this
poem,
the shepherd
persona speaks
to
his beloved,
evoking
“
all
the
pleasures
”

of a peaceful springtime nature. He promises her the delights of
nature and his courtly attention. The first quatrain is the invitation to
“
Come
live with me and be my love.
”

Next, the speaker describes the pleasant natural
setting in which he plans that they will live. Their life will be one of leisure; they
will
“
sit upon the rocks,
”

watch the shepherds, and listen to the birds. The
writer used a lot of natural images such as valleys, groves, hills, etc, to express a
typical atmosphere of pastoral poem, describing life in a idealized way.
Marlowe
’
s
“
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
”

is a celebration of youth,
innocence, love, and poetry. The poem participates in an ongoing tradition of
lyrical love poetry. It casts the lovers as shepherds and shepherdesses who are
at home in a beneficent natural setting.

The Nymph
’
s Reply to the Shepherd
By Sir Walter Raleigh
The
Nymph
’
s
Reply
to
the
Shepherd,
by Walter
Raleigh,
is
a
poem
that
responds
to
and
parodies
the
poem
″
The
Passionate
Shepherd
to
His
Love
″

by Christopher
Marlowe
.
In
her
reply
to
the
shepherd’s
invitation,
the nymphpresents
her
rejection
of
the
shepherd's
courtship
for
a
life
of
pastoral idyll.
Raleigh uses the exact same meter (
iambic tetrameter
) and form (
six quatrains,
or four-line stanzas
) in
disrupt the meter and express his view, like
“
Time drives the flocks from field
to fold
”


In
the
Marlowe
poem,
the
shepherd
proposes
to
his
beloved
by
portraying
their
ideal
future
together:
a
life
filled
with
earthly
pleasures
in
a
world
of
eternal
spring.
Raleigh’s
reply,
however,
debunks
the
shepherd’s
fanciful
vision.
While
Marlowe’s
speaker
promises
nature’s
beauty
and
a
litany
of
gifts, Raleigh’s nymph responds that such promises could only remain valid