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The Eighteenth Century (1688-1798)
Background Knowledge and writers
1 Political, Economic and cultural
Changes
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The Tory( Court
Party)
and the Whig
(Country Party): free trade
The
industrial revolution (1750s)
Expansion
of colonies overseas
1709, Copyright
Act
2 The Enlightenment Movement
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The
Enlightenment refers to the intellectual movement
from 1680s to 1789.
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It celebrated
reason or rationality, equality and science.
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Its purpose was
to enlighten the whole world with the light of
modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
Richard Steele
(1672-1729)
Joseph Addison
(1672-1719)
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The Tatler
《闲谈者》
The
Spectator
《旁观者》
:customs, manners, morals, literature
and other current topics of the time
improving the minds, morals and manners
of their readers.
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Literary Achievements
1 Neoclassicism
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A revival
in
the 17th
and
18th
century
of
classical
standards
of
order,
logic,
restrained emotion
and
accuracy in literature.
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It was
initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander
Pope, continued by Samuel Johnson.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
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He is a poet,
essayist, literary critic and a lexicographer
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Major works:
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A Dictionary of
the English Language
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The Lives of
the Poets
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London
The 18th
Century
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3
Literary Achievements
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3.2 The Rise of English Novel
Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)
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the founder of
the English domestic
novel(
英国家庭小说）
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the epistolary
novel(
书信体小说）
, i.e. stories
told in a series of letters, which had much
influence on
Europe.
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Major works:
(1) Pamela, Or Virtue
Rewarded
帕米拉
(1740)
(2)Clarissa, or the History of a Young
Lady
克拉丽莎
(1748)
Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
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a dramatist,
essayist and a novelist.
Joseph Andrew
(1742)
Jonathan Wild the Great
(1743)
Tom Jones
(1749)
Amelia
(1751)
Tobias Smollett (1721-1771)
a Scottish poet and author
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The Adventures
of Roderick Random
(1748)
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The
Adventures of Peregrine Pickle
(1751)
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The Expedition
of Humphrey Clinker
(1771)
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
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The earliest
practitioners of novel.
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a pioneer of journalism
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A
prolific and versatile writer
His Writing
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1719
–
20
Robinson Crusoe
鲁宾逊飘流记
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1720
Captain Singleton
辛格顿船长
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1722
A Journal of the Plague Year
大疫年日记
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1722
Moll Flanders
莫尔弗兰德斯
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1722
Colonel Jack
杰克上校
1724
Roxana
罗克萨那
(Defoe emphasizes that the environment
in which one grows up and lives is the decisive
element in the
orientation
of the one’s behavior.
)
3 Robinson Crusoe
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Defoe's famous
novel
Robinson Crusoe
(1719), tells of the story of the shipwrecked
Crusoe's solitary
existence on a desert
island for more than 28 years, of his encounter
with the native Friday, and of his
eventual rescue and his subsequent
adventures.
Title page from
the first edition
Defoe’s writing
style
1
verisimilitude
逼真
,
可能性
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the
form of memoirs or pretended historical
narratives.
(the
autobiographical form )
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the
journalistic skill (describe things and happenings
in great detail and use specific time and place).
2 His language
is clarity without ornament, smooth, colloquial
and mostly vernacular, but never coarse.
James Joyce
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Novelist James
Joyce eloquently noted that the true symbol of the
British conquest is Robinson Crusoe:
-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe:
the manly
independence, the unconscious
cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient
intelligence, the sexual
apathy
(
冷漠
),
the calculating
(
工于心计的；
精明的
)
taciturnity
(
沉默寡言
)
.
Robinson
Crusoe
was
influential in
creating a colonization mythology.
Sentimentality
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A partial reaction against that cold
and logic rationalism.
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Novelist: Samuel Richardson
,
Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith,
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Poet: Thomas Gray
Laurence
Sterne (1713-1768)
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Representative of sentimentalism and
father of the postmodernist novel
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Major Works
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The Life and
opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
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