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Part I The Middle Age
Chapter 1
the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1.
Beowulf
（贝奥武甫）
: England’s
national
epic
.
（第一部民族史诗）
2. artistic feature:
①
using alliteration
②
using metaphor and
understatement
Chapter 3 Geoffrey
Chaucer (ca1343-1400)
1
.Geoffrey
Chaucer
is the
father
of
English
poetry
and one of the most greatest
narrative
（叙事）
poets
of England.
2.
首创双韵体
. tonico-
syllabic verse.
运用
London
dialect.
3. writing style: wisdom,
humor, humanity.
4.
代表作：
The
Canterbury
Tales-----
In
this
book,
Chaucer
created
a
strikingly
brilliant
and
picturesque panorama of
his time and his country
.
In
this poem Chaucer’s
realism, trenchant
irony and freedom
of views
reached such a high level of power that it had no
equal in all the
English
literature
up
to
the
16
th
century.
But
Chaucer
was
not
entirely
devoid
of
medieval
prejudices. [
乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一
幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，
他将自己的讽刺艺术和宽广视野展现的淋漓尽致，
使该作品在
16
世纪前的英国独树一帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见。
Part II The
Renaissance
（文艺复兴）
1.
时期：
during the
16
th
century
（
1550---
1642
）
2.
国家：
Greek and
Roman. Also England in drama.
3.
定义：
The term
Renaissance
originally indicated a
revival
of
classical arts
and
science
after the
dark ages of medieval obscurantism.
4.
类型：
drama and
canto
（诗章）
.
work:
①
humanism --- admire human
beauty and human achievement.
②
Thomas More
---
Utopia
in 1516.
③
Francis Bacon--- the great English
scientist and philosopher.
④
Christopher
Marlowe--- the greatest of the pioneers of English
drama
⑤
Edmund Spenser(
埃德蒙
·
斯宾塞
)----The
Faerie Queene
（仙后）
Chapter 5 William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
1. He is
the
greatest
of English authors,
the world’s pre
-eminent dramatist.
2. One of the first
founder
s of
realism
.
3. A
master hand at realistic portrayal of human
characters and relations.
4.
四大悲剧
:
①
Hamlet
②
Othello
③
King Lear
④
The Tragedy of
Macbeth.
5.
创作阶段
:
①
comedy:1590-1600
②
< br>tragedy:1601-1608
③
tragico
medies:1609-1612
22
年写了
37plays,2
narrative poems,154sonnets.
6.
Hamlet:
It
is
the
profoundest
expression
of
Shakespeare’s
humanism
and
criticism
of
contemporary world.
The
character
of
Hamlet.
1.
A
humanist,
free
from
prejudices
and
superstitions.
Loving
the
world
instead
of
the
heaven.
2.
Treat
people
with
love.
Disgusted
w
ith
uncle’s
drunkenness. Shocked
by mother’s shallowness. 3. Intellectual genius.
Close observer. “ Denmark
is
a
prison”.
4.
The
melancholy
of
Hamlet—the
key
note
of
Hamlet’s
character.
He
is
too
sophisticated to degrade his nature to
the conventional role of a stage revenger.
Contrast
is
an
important
structural
principle
in
Hamlet.
Shakespeare’s
plays
are
generally
well-organized,
with harmony and order disbalanced at the
beginning, social conflicts sharpened
in the middle and harmony and order
restored at the end.
Themes:
Hypocrisy, treachery of
the
royal court and of the society as a whole. Revenge
theme (Justice by violence) Lack of faith v.
love The doom of ambition
The tragedy of
Hamlet:
An individual v.
mighty evil force of the
whole society
7.
The merchant of Venice
is not
tragedy.
8.
sonnet 18
Shall I compare
thee(
你
) to a summer’s
day?
①
1-4
起，
5-8
承，
9-12
转，
13-14
合
.
②
simile, rhetoric question,
alliteration, personification,
couplet(
对偶
).
③The
message is that in this
world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry
or art; and your
beauty can only last
if I write it down in my poetry. Also notice the
love play. Apparently the poe
t is
addressing a man of his heart, the wooing sounds
more like a game play than anything real
an
d sincere. The love here is too
conditional to be genuine.
④
Structure
: Proposal
(line1-2)
Argument
(line3-12)
Conclusion
(line13-14)
Chapter 6 Francis Bacon---
essayist
1. Bacon’s works may be
divided into
three
classes.
The most important are the Essays.
①
the
philosophical
---the advancement of
learning
②
the
literary
---essays
③
the
professional works
---maxims of the law
and reading on the statute of uses.
2.
The essays of Bacon are so highly esteemed.
3.
”
Great
Place
”
is the
Bacon’s worldly—
wise
philosophy
.
4.
Of
Studies’ main idea
:
①
the text is that of 1;.652
editions.
②
uses and benefits of study
and different ways adopted by different
people to pursue studies.
5.
writing style: brevity, compactness, powerfulness,
well-arranged.
Part III The
period of Revolution and
Restoration
（资产阶级革命与王政复辟）
17
th
century was
one of the most
tempestuous
(
动荡
)periods in England.
2.
文学特点：
①
The
Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to breaking
up of old ideas.
②
In the
absence of any fixed standard of literary
criticism there was nothing to
prevent
the exaggeration of the
“metaphysical”
poets
(
玄学派
)
。
Poetry took
new
and
startling
form.
After
that
prose
became
somber
(
忧郁
).
J
ohn
Milton
---the
indomitable
Puritan spirit
found its
noblest expression.(
约翰
·
弥尔顿充分体现了
清教徒不屈不挠的精神
)
③
Restoration(
王政复辟
)
created
a
literature
of
its
own,
which
was
often
witty
(
机敏
) and
clever
, but on the whole
immoral
(
颓废
) and
cynical
(
愤世嫉俗
).
The
most
popular
work
was
comedy
whose
chief
aim
was
to
entertain
the
licentious
aristocrats(
贵族
).
John Dryden
,
critic
,
poet
and
playwright
was the most
distinguished
literary figure of that
time.
Chapter 8 John Milton
1
.Paradise Lost
presents the author’s view in
an
allegoric religious form<
/p>
(
宗教讽喻的形式
)
，
and
readers will easily
discern its
basic idea
---the
exposure(
揭露
) of
reactionary(
反革命
) forces of
his
time and the passionate appeal for
freedom.
consists
twelve
books.
It
is
marked
for
its
intricate
(
结
构
复
杂
)
and
contradictory
composition
.
Part IV The Age of Enlightenment(
启蒙运动
)---prose
（散文时代）
背景：
Revolution of 1688, marked the end of the long
struggle for
political
freedom
in
England. They
have two parties:
the liberal
Wigs
(
自由派辉格党
)
and
the conservative
Tories<
/p>
(
保守派托利党
).
Enlightenment
was
an
expression
of
struggle
of
the
then
progressive
class
of
bourgeoisie(
资产阶级
)
against
feudalism(
封建主义
).
The
enlighteners
fought
against
class
inequality(
阶级不平等
)
，
stagnation
(
停滞
)
，
p
rejudices
and
other
survivals
of
feudalism.
enlighteners
repudiate(
颠
覆
)
the
false
religious
doctrines
about
the
viciousness
(<
/p>
邪恶
) of human nature, and
prove that man is born
kind
and
honest
, and
if
he
becomes
depraved(
腐败
),
it
is
only
due
to
the
influence
of
corrupted
social
environment.
流派
：
the reign of
so
–
called Classicism
(
古典主义
)
、
the revival of romantic poetry
(
新兴的浪漫
主义诗歌
)
、
the beginnings of the modern
novel
(
刚启萌的现代派小说
).
主要人物：
①
Alexander
Pope
,
his
contribution
to
the
theory
and
practice
of
prosody:
elaborated
certain
regulations
for
the
style
of
poetical
works
(
精心设计诗歌格式
)
and
made
popular the heroic couplets
(
英雄双韵体诗歌
)---five foot iambics
rhymed in couplets
(
五步抑扬
格对偶句
)
②
Daniel
Defoe
----
Robinson
Crusoe
(1719), it was one of the
forerunners of the English
realistic
novel.
③
Henry Fielding and Tobias
George Smollet
-----the
real
founders of the genre of the
bourgeois
realistic novel
.
④
Samuel Richardson
--
Pamela
--The method of
psychological analysis
(
心理分析的方
法
)
⑤
Jonathan
Swift-
----the most outstanding
personality of the
epoch
of
Enlightenment
in England. He ruthlessly
exposed the dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois
relationships.
⑥
The
middle
of
the
18
th
century
in
England
came
a
new
literary
curr
ent--
sentimentalism
⑦
The latter half of the
18
th
century was the so-
called
pre-romanticism
(
前浪漫主义
).
It had a
reaction against the Enlightenment, mostly in
“Gothic
novel”
(
哥特式小说
)
⑧
The
mysterious
element
plays an enormous role in the
Gothic novel, it is so replete
with
bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that
it is justly called “
a novel of
horrors
”.
Chapter
10 Daniel Defoe
is often given the
credit for the discovery of the modern
novel.(
开创了现代派小说的先河
)
2.
Robinson
Crusoe
---head the list of
modern
fiction
---an
adventure
story.
3.60
岁因鲁滨逊漂流记走红。
4.
works
:
①
Captain Singleton, Duncan
Campbell, Memoirs of a Cavalier
---1720
②
Colonel Jack, Moll
Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year(amazing
realistic) ---1722
③
The
Political History of the Devil---1726
Chapter 11 Jonathan Swift
1
. the tale of a
tub
(
木桶的故事
) and
Gulliver’s Travels
(
格列弗游记
)----the
greatest
satires
in the
English
language.
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