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1.
Carlyle
:
Thomas
Carlyle
(1795-1881),
English
essayist
and
historian
born
at
Ecclefechan,
a
village of the Scotch lowlands. After
graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he
rejected the
ministry, for which he had
been intended, and determined to he a writer of
hooks. In 1826 he
married Jane Welsh, a
well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to
further his career.
They moved to Jane'
s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6
years (1828-1834 ). During
this time he
produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in
which he first developed his char-
acteristic style and thought. This book
is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and
pretences
of society, upon hollow rank,
hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which
life and usefulness
have departed. In
1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic
rendering and not a factual
account of
the great event in history. Besides these two
masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840),
On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic
in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and
others.
a
peculiar
style
of
his
own,
was
a
compound
of
biblical
phrases,
col
loquialisms,
Teutonic
twists,
and
his
own
coinings,
arranged
in
unexpected
sequences.
One
of
the
most
important social critics of his day,
Carlyle influenced many men of the younger
generation, among
them were Mathew
Arnold and Ruskin.
2. Lamb : Charles Lamb
(1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London
and brought up
within the precincts of
the ancient law courts, his father being a servant
to an advocate of the
inner Temple. He
went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he had
for a classmate Coleridge, his
life-
long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in
the India House and here he worked for 33
years until he was re-tired on a
pension. His devotion to his sister Mary, upon
whom rested an
hereditary taint of
insanity, has done al-most as much as the
sweetness and gentle humor of his
writings to endear his name. They
collaborated on several books for children,
publishing in 1867
their famous Tales
from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens
of English Dramatic Poets
(1808),
established his reputation as a critic and did
much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be
then
drama.
The
Essays
of
Ella,
published
at
intervals
in
London
Magazine,
were
gathered
together
and
republished
in
two
series,
the
first
in
1823,
the
second
ten
years
later.
They
established Lamb in the title which he
still holds, that of the most delightful of
English essayists.
Ⅱ
.
good
conversation does not really start from anywhere,
and no one has any idea where it
will
go. A good conversation is not for making a point.
Argument may often be a part of it, but the
purpose
of
the
argument
is
not
to
convince.
When
people
become
serious
and
talk
as
if
they
have something very important to say,
when they argue to convince or to win their point,
the
conversation is spoilt.
2. The writer
likes bar conversation very much because he has
spent a lot of time in pubs
and
is
used
to
this
kind
of
conversation.
Bar
friends
are
companions,
not
intimates.
They
are
friends but not intimate
enough to be curious about each other's private
life and thoughts.
3. No. Conversation does
not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears
in the natural
flow of conversation,
the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more
interesting.
4.
The
people
talked
about
Australia
because
the
speaker
who
introduced
the
subject
mentioned
incidentally
that
it
was
an
Australian
who
had
given
her
such
a
definition
of
King's
English.
by an upper class to lay down
rules for
to Norman England because at
that time a language barrier existed between the
Saxon peasants
and the Norman
conquerors.
5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman
conquerors used different words for the same
thing.
For examples see paragraph
9.
6. The writer seems to be in favor of
bilingual education. He is against any form of
cultural
barrier or the cultural
humiliation of any section or group of
people.
7.
The
term
Queen's
English
was
used
in
1953
by
Nash
because
at
that
time
the
reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth
I. The term
form because the ruling
monarch is generally a king. Those who are not
very particular may use
the term
term
8
．
“
The
King
’
s
English
”
was
regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during
the Norman
rule in England about 1154
—
1399
．
9
．
The writer
thinks
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
is a
class representation of
reality
．
1t is worth
trying to speak
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
，
but it
should not be 1aid down as an
edict
，
and made
immune to change from
below
．
The
King
’
s English is a model a
rich and instructive one- but it
ought
not to be an ultimatum
．
10
．
During the
Norman period
，
the ruling
class spoke Anglo
—
French while the peasants
spoke their native Saxon
language
．
Language bears the stamp of the class
that uses it
．
The
King
’
s English today refers
to the language used by the
upper
，
educated class in
England
．
Ⅲ．
1
．
The title of
this piece is not well
chosen
．
It misleads the
readers into thinking that the
writer
is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or
linguistic relationship between pub talk and the
King
’
s
English
．
Whereas
the
writer
．
in
reality
，
is
just
discoursing
on
what
makes
good
conversation
．
The
King
’
s English is connected
with
“
pub
talk
”
when the
writer describes the
charming
conversation he had with some people one evening
in a pub on the topic
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
to illustrate his point that bar
conversation in a pub has a charm of its
own
．
2
．
1n this essay
the writer alluded to many historical and literary
event such as the Norman
conquest
，
the
saloons of 18th century
Paris
，
and the words of many
a man of letters
．
For a short
expository essay
like this
，
the allusions used
are more than expected and
desirable
．
3
．
Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph
by means of which the writer passes from a general
discourse on good conversation to a
particular instance of
it
．
But one feels the change
from
“
pub
talk
”
to
“
the King's
English
”
a bit
too abrupt
．
4
．
The
simple idiomatic expressions like
，
out of bed on the wrong sid
e
，
etc
．
”
may be said to go well with the
copious literary and historical allusions the
writer used for
an informal
conversational style to Suit the theme of this
essay in which the writer tries to defend
informal uses of
language
．
5
．
The
writer
’
s attitude towards
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
shows
that he is a defender of
democracy
．
Ⅳ．
1
．
And
conversation is an activity which is found only
among human beings
．
(Animals
and
birds are not capable of
conversation
．
)
2
．
Conversation is
not for persuading others to accept our idea or
point of view
．
．
3
．
In
fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at
conversation will not argue to win
or
force others to accept his point of
view
．
4
．
People who meet
each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not
intimate friends for
they are not
deeply absorbed or engrossed in each
other
’
s
lives
．
5
．
The conversation could go on without
anybody knowing who was right or
wrong
．
6
．
These animals are called cattle when
they are alive and feeding in the
fields
；
but when
we sit down at the table to
eat
．
we call their meat
beef
．
7
．
The
new ruling class by using French instead of
English made it difficult for the English to
accept or absorb the culture of the
、
rulers
．
8
．
The
English language received proper recognition and
was used by the King once
more
．
9
．
The phrase
，
the
King
’
s
English
，
has always been used
disrespectfully and jokingly by the
lower classes
．
The working people very often make fun
of the proper and formal language of the
educated people
．
10
．
There
still
exists in
the
working
people
，
as
in
the early
Saxon
peasants
，
a
spirit
of
opposition to the cultural authority of
the ruling class
．
11
．
There is always a great danger that we
might forget that words are only symbols and
take them for things they are supposed
to represent
．
For
example
，
the word
“
dog
”
is a symbol
representing a
kind of animal
．
We
mustn
’
t regard the word
“
dog
”
as being the animal
itself
．
12
．
Even the most educated and literate
people do not use
standard
，
formal English all
the
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