平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

报废的产品拆卸后，

经分析，

其中材料在

改进设计后可重用和经翻新后可重用的比例可以提高。

比如：一辆报废车中，金属材料占

80

％，其中，有色金属占

3

％～

4.7

％。世界钢产量中的

45

％是

由废钢铁生产出的。中国钢产量的

25< /p>

％是由废钢铁生产的。

产品全生命周期 管理是指从人对产品的需求开始，到产品淘汰报废的全部生命历程。其中包括产

品需求分 析产品计划、

概念设计、

产品设计、

数 字化仿真、

工艺准备、

工艺规划、

生产 测试和质量监控、

销售与分销、使用、

维护与维修，以及报废与 回收等主要阶段。将先进的管理理念和一流的信息技术有

机融入到现代企业的工业和商业 运作中，

从而使企业在数字经济时代能够有效地调整经营手段和管理方

< br>式，以发挥企业前所未有的竞争优势。帮助企业进行产品创新，赢得市场，并获得额外利润，以提高企

业产品的价值。

6

中英文对照外文翻译文献

GRAPHIC DESIGN

The

term

graphic

design

can

refer

to

a

number

of

artistic

and

professional

disciplines

which focus on visual

communication and presentation. Various methods are used to create

and

combine

symbols,

images

and/or

words

to

create

a

visual

representation

of

ideas

and

messages. A graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to

produce

the

final

result.

Graphic

design

often

refers

to

both

the

process

by

which

the

communication is created and the products which are generated.

Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements, product packaging

and

web

design.

For

example,

a

product

package

might

include

a

logo

or

other

artwork,

organized

text

and

pure

design

elements

such

as

shapes

and

color

which

unify

the

piece.

Composition is one of the most important features of graphic design especially when using

pre-existing materials or diverse elements.

Graphic

Design

spans

the

history

of

humankind

from

the

caves

of

Lascaux

to

the

dazzling neons of Ginza. In both this lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of

visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction

and over-lapping of advertising art, graphic design and fine art. After all, they share many of

the

same

elements,

theories,

principles,

practices

and

languages,

and

sometimes

the

same

benefactor or client. In advertising art the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services.

In graphic design, “the essence is to give order to inform

ation, form to ideas, expression and

feeling to artifacts that document human experience.”

During the Tang dynasty (618

–

906) between the 4th and 7th century A.D. wood blocks

were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed

in 868 is the earliest known printed book.

In late 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to

separate graphic design from fine art. Piet Mondrian is known as the father of graphic design.

He

was

a

fine

artist,

but

his

use

of

grids

inspired

the

modern

grid

system

used

today

in

advertising, print and web layout

.

In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain,

informing

the

government

of

the

importance

of

design

in

his

Journal

of

Design

and

Manufactures.

He

organized

the

Great

Exhibition

as

a

celebration

of

modern

industrial

technology and Victorian design.

From 1892 to 1896 William Morris' Kelmscott Press published books that are some of

the

most

significant

of

the

graphic

design

products

of

the

Arts

and

Crafts

movement,

and

1