-
跨
文
化
交
际
考
试
资
< br>料
1.
W
h
e
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
,
< br>
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
m
a
y
a
l
s
o
d
i
f
f
e
r.
(
T
)
2.
C<
/p>
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
i
n
s
e
p
a
r
a
b
l
e.
A
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
b
o
y
w
h
o
i
s
a
s
k
e
d
t
o
s
a
y
g
o
o
d
b
y
e
w
h
e
n
< br>
h
e
t
a
k
e
s
h
i
s
l
e
a
v
e
i
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
< br>u
r
e.
(
T
)
3.
F<
/p>
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
c
h
i
l
d
i
s
b
o
r
n
,
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
< br>
t
e
a
c
h
e
s
i
t
h
o
w
t
o
b
e
h
a
v
e
i
n
a
m
a
n
n
e
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
a
d
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
g
a
r
n
e
r
s
< br>
t
h
e
m
r
e
w
a
r
d
s.<
/p>
(
T
)
4.
W
h<
/p>
e
n
w
e
r
e
f
e
r
t
o
c
u
l
t
< br>u
r
e
,
w
e
a
r
e
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
t
o
t
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
c
u
l
< br>t
u
r
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
s
a
s
w
e
l
l.
(
F
)
5.
W
h<
/p>
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
w
a
y
s
o
f
e
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
< br>?
(
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
< br>,
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
)
6.
H
u
m
a
n
b
e
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
b
o
r
n
w
i
t
h
c
u
l
t
u
r
< br>e
l
i
k
e
o
t
h
e
r
b
a
s
i
c
n
e
e
d
s
,
< br>
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
a
t
i
n
g
,
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
< br>,
u
r
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n.
(
F
)
7.
G<
/p>
i
v
e
a
n
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
a
b
o
u
t
< br>
h
o
w
p
e
o
p
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
< br>
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
e.
(
o
p
e
n
)
8.
T
h
e
f
a
m
o
u
s
s
t
o
r
y
< br>
C
i
n
d
e
r
e
l
l
a
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
a
l
u
e
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
u
l
< br>t
u
r
e
s.
(
F
)
9.
A
m<
/p>
e
r
i
c
a
n
s
t
e
l
l
e
a
c
h
g
e
n
e
r
a
t<
/p>
i
o
n
a
l
w
a
y
s
t
o
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
,
< br>
w
h
i
l
e
w
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
a
y
i
n
g
“
F
o
r
g
< br>e
t
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
m
e
a
n
s
b
< br>e
t
r
a
y
a
l
”
.
(
T
)
1
0.
W
e
l
e
a
r
n
f
r
o
m <
/p>
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
h
a
r
e
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e<
/p>
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
-
-
-
b
e<
/p>
i
t
v
e
r
b
a
l
,
n
o
n
v
e
r
b
a
l
,
o
r
i
c
o
n
i
c.
(
T
)
1
1.
C<
/p>
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
s
t
a
t
i
c
,
c
o
n
s
t
< br>a
n
t
a
n
d
n
e
v
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
i
< br>n
g.
(
F
)
1
2.
C<
/p>
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
y
m
b
< br>o
l
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
e
n
e
r
< br>a
t
i
o
n
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n.
(
T
)
1
3.
W
e
f
i
n
d
w
h
i
t
e
-
c
o
< br>l
l
a
r
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m <
/p>
b
l
u
e
-
c
o
l
l
a
r
o
n
e
s
,
A
f
r
i
c
a
n<
/p>
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
s
l
i
v
i
n
g
a
p
a
r
t
f<
/p>
r
o
m
w
h
i
t
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
h
o
w
s
a
)
C
u
l
t
u
r
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i
s
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g.
b
)
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
l
e
a
r
n
e
d.
c
).
<
/p>
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
e
t
h
n
o
c
e
n
t
r
i
c.
d
)
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d.
1
4.
W<
/p>
h
a
t
i
s
a
c
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
< br>?
(
O
p
e
n
)
1
5.
E<
/p>
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
< br>
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n.
(
o
p
e
n
)
1
6.
M<
/p>
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
< br>,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
,
r
e
s
p
o
< br>n
d
t
o
a
c
o
mp
l
i
m
e
n
t
b
y
s
a
y
i
n
g
“
T
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
”
,
a
n
d
g
r
e
e
t
p<
/p>
e
o
p
l
e
w
i
t
h
j
u
s
t
<
/p>
“
H
e
l
l
o
”
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
“
H
a
v
e
y
o
u
h
a
d
y
o
u
r
m
e
a
l?
”
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
d
i
f
f
u<
/p>
s
i
o
n
.
(
T
)
1
7.
G<
/p>
i
v
e
a
n
e
x
a
mp
l
e
t
o
s
h
o
w
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
y
m
b
< br>o
l
s.
重点
Difficult
point: Process
o
f
c
o<
/p>
mmu
n
i
c<
/p>
a
ti
on
;<
/p>
S
te
re
o
ty
pe
;
C
u
l
tu
r
e
s
h
o<
/p>
ck
;
A
me
r
ic
a
n
s
’
i
n
d
iv
i
du
a
lis
m;
Ch
i
n
e
s
e
f
a
ce
c
on
ce
pt...
Compare the most striking trait of the
American character with
that of the
Chinese character.
Basics of
Communication
?
Communication
occurs if:
1. There are at
least two or more people;
a. human communication
1
b.
animal communication
c. human-animal communication
d. human-
machine communication
e. machine-to-machine communication
2. There must be some contact between
communicators;
two-way contact---direct
communication
one-way contact---indirect
communication
3. There must be a
language shared by communicators;
a. human language
verbal
nonverbal
non-
word sound
body
language
b. artificial
language special purpose machine---computer
4. An exchange of information has taken
place.
Components of Communication
Source
?
The source is a person with
an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding
?
Encoding is the process of
putting an idea into a symbol. (Our communication
is in
the form of a symbol representing
the idea we desire to communicate. )
Message
?
Message identifies the
encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the
verb; the
message is the resulting
object.
?
Channel
?
The term channel refers to
the means by which the encoded message is
transmitted.
We also use the word
“media”. The channel or medium may be
print, electronic, or the
light and
sound waves of face-to-face communication.
Receiver
?
The
receiver is a person who attends to the message.
Receivers may be intentional;
that is,
they may be the people the source desired to
communicate with, or they may
be any
person who comes upon and attends to the message.
Decoding
?
Decoding is the opposite
process of encoding and just as much an active
process.
The receiver is
actively
involved in the
communication process by assigning meaning
to the symbols received.
?
Response
2
?
Receiver response refers to
anything the receiver does after having attended
to and
decoded the message. That
response can range from doing nothing to taking
some
action or actions that may or not
be the action desired by the source.
?
Feedback
?
Feedback refers to that
portion of the receiver response of which the
source has
knowledge and to which the
source attends and assigns meaning.
?
A reader of this text may
have many responses, but only when the reader
responds
to a survey or writes a letter
to the author does feedback occurs. When a radio
interview show host receives
enthusiastic telephone calls and invites a guest
back,
feedback has occurred.
Noise
?
Noise
refers to anything that distorts the message the
source decodes.
External
noise
can be sights, sounds, and other
stimuli that draw our attention away
from the message. Having a radio on
while reading is external noise.
Internal noise
refers to our
thoughts and feelings that can interfere with the
message. For example, being tired or
being hungry can distract you from paying
complete attention to the message.
source
→
encode
→
message
→
channel
→
receiver
→
decode
→
response
→
feedback
→
context
?
noise
?
All communication has seven
components: a
source
who,
using symbols,
encodes
an
internal state to produce a
message
that travels by a
channel
to a
receiver
who
decodes
the message into a
usable form and gives
feedback
to the source.
?
The uniqueness of men---
the superiority of men in the world of animals---
lies not in
his ability to perceive
ideas, but to perceive that he perceives, and to
transfer his
perceptions to other’s
minds through words.
?
---Albert Einstein
Defining Culture and Characteristics of
Culture (I)
Questions (A)
?
When cultures differ,
communication practices may also differ.
(T or F)
Communication and culture are
inseparable. A Chinese boy who is asked to say
goodbye when he takes his leave is
learning culture.
(T or F)
From the instant a child is born,
culture teaches it how to behave in a manner that
is
acceptable to adults and that
garners them rewards.
(T or
F)
Without having the guidelines of our
culture to govern our actions, we would soon feel
helpless.
(T or
F)
3
When we
refer to culture, we are applying the term to the
dominant culture and
subcultures as
well.
(T or F)
What is
enculturation
?
What are the three ways of
enculturation?
Human beings are born
with culture like other basic needs, such as
eating, drinking,
urinating, and so on.
(T or F)
Give an
example about how people learn their own culture.
The famous story Cinderella emphasizes
the same value in different cultures.
(T or F)
Questions (B)
Barriers to Cross-cultural
Communication
?
Stereotypes Prejudice Ethnocentrism
Questions:
1.
what is
stereotyping?
2.
How do we acquire
stereotypes?
3.
How to reduce or eliminate stereotypes
in cross-cultural
communication?
4. of stereotyping, prejudice,
ethnocentrism, which one can be the most
serious cultural bias and the biggest
obstacle in cross-cultural
communication? Why?
What is
stereotyping?
?
People often use labels or
categories
to
describe others, these labels can
be
based on such characteristics as clothing, looks,
the way a person talks,
or the groups
to which he or she belongs. People often make
assumptions
about groups of people they
don't even know.
?
Stereotypes are general
ideas of a person, created without taking the
whole person into account. When we
stereotype a group of people, we
depict
all of the individuals within that group as having
the same
characteristics even though
they are probably all very different.
Stereotyping is assuming
that a person has certain qualities (good or bad)
just because the person is a member of
a specific group (Jandt, 2001). An
example of a stereotype is the belief
that one group of people is lazy or poor,
or that another is smart or romantic. A
stereotype is an
oversimplified
statement based on a single
characteristic. They are often based on
faulty
information
, they get in the
way of knowing people as individuals, and they
can lead to serious misunderstandings.
Stereotyping is
gross simplification
that
prevents a more profound
understanding
of others as individuals and as members of social
groups,
and it prevents our dealing
effectively with members of other societies.
Stereotypes can have a
negative effect
when people
use them to interpret
4
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