史上最全 匈牙利 中英双语介绍

史上最全

匈牙利

中英双语介绍

History

Magyars (Hungary) was founded by ?rp

á

d, who led the Magyars into the

Pannonian plains after 895. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 and the

history of Hungary was developed in a triangle with that of Poland and Bohemia.

Hungary was partially demolished in 1241C1242 by Mongol (Tatar) armies.

Gradually Hungary under the rule of the dynasty of the ?rp

á

ds turned into an

independent kingdom and extended its control over Wallachia and Moldavia. Together

with Polish and Czech lands, Hungary formed the Visegr

á

d group of countries. Today

an alliance of the same name exists again with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and

Poland. Hungarian independence ended with the Ottoman conquest at the beginning

of the 16th century; the parts of Hungary that were not conquered by the Ottomans

were annexed by Austria (the rulers of which were Hungarian kings at the same time).

Austria retook the territory of today’s Hungary by the end of the 17th century from

the Islamic Ottoman Empire. After the retreat of the Turks, struggle began between

the Hungarian nation and the Habsburg kings for the autonomy of Hungary. With the

Russian help, the Austrians prevailed after the revolution and war of 1848C1849. In

1867, Hungary became an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the

victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the Battle of Solferino, 1859)

and Prussia (Battle of K?niggratz, 1866). The Hungarian government unified the

kingdom by Magyarisation of the other nationalities. This lasted until the end of

World War I, when the Austro- Hungarian Empire collapsed. On 16 November 1918,

an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed.

In March 1919 the communists took power and proclaimed the republic as the

Hungarian Soviet Republic. After some military successes against the Czechoslovak

army, the Romanians attacked to prevent a campaign in Transylvania. By August,

more than half of present-day Hungary, including Budapest, was placed under

Romanian occupation, which lasted until November. Rightist military forces entered

Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army’s departure and filled the vacuum of state

power. In January 1920, elections were held and Admiral Horthy was elected Regent,

restoring Hungary to a kingdom. Horthy continued to rule with autocratic powers

until 1944.

In June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed to fix Hungary

Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, the size and population of this new Hungary

were reduced by about two- thirds; about one-third of the Magyar population became

minorities in the neighboring countries. Horthy made an alliance with Nazi Germany

in the 1930s, in the hope of revising the territorial losses after World War I. The

alliance led to some territories being given to Hungary in the two Vienna Awards.

Hungary assisted the German occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, occupying

the Banat and entered World War II in 1941, fighting against the Soviet Union. In

October 1944, Hitler replaced Horthy with the Hungarian Nazi collaborator Ferenc Sz

á

lasi and his Arrow Cross Party to avert Hungary

Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Hungary became part of the Soviet area of

influence and was appropriated into a communist state following a short period of

democracy in 1946 - 1947. After 1948 Communist leader M

á

ty

á

s R

á

kosi established

a Stalinist rule in the country which led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. From the

1960s on to the late 1980s Hungary was under the rule of late controversial

communist leader J

á

nos K

á

d

á

r, who exercised autocratic rule. In the late 1980s,

Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty

democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet

Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in

1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004.

历史

阿尔帕德

(Arpad)

建立了马扎尔

(Magyars,

匈牙利

)

，并在

895

年时 带领马扎尔

人进入潘诺尼亚阶平原（

Pannonian plains

）

。

< br>匈牙利王国成立于公元

1000

年，

此后匈牙利的历史与波兰（

Poland

）和波西米亚（< /p>

Bohemiya

）的三角关系中发

展着 。

1241-1242

年，部分匈牙利领土被蒙古军队（

Mogol armies

）摧毁。

匈

牙利在几个

Arpad

王朝的占领下，逐渐地转变成为一个独立的国家并扩长到对

瓦拉几亚（

Wallachia

）

和 摩尔达维亚（

Moldavia

）的管辖。

匈牙利和波兰和

捷克的领土一起建立

Visegrad

联合国。

16

世纪初初期，奥托曼（

Ottoman

）的

占领结束了匈牙利的独立；没有被奥托曼征服的土地也被奥地利（

< br>Austria

）所

吞并（同时成为了匈牙利王国的统治 者）

。

17

世纪末，奥地利从穆斯林的 奥托

曼帝国（

Islamic Ottoman Empire

）重新取回了今天匈牙利的领土。

土耳其人

（

Turks

）撤 退后，匈牙利民族和哈布斯国王（

Habsburg kings

）开始为争夺匈牙

利的自治权而斗争。

在俄罗斯（

Russia

）的帮助下，奥地利赢得了

1848-1849

年的革命和战争。

奥地利在法意联合（

French-Italian coalition

）

(the Battle of

Solferino, 1859)

和普鲁士

Prussia (Battle of K?niggratz, 1866)

两次战争中战败，

匈牙利 于

1867

年成为奥匈帝国（

Aust ro-Hungarian Empire

）中一个自治的部

分。

匈牙利政府以马扎尔化（

Magyarisation