-
v1.0
可编辑可修改
黄山学院
外语系
课程讲稿
专业名称：
英语专业
课程名称：
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》
主导教材：冯庆华，
《实用翻译教程》
授课教师：
程汕姗
0
0
v1.0
可编辑可修改
A Brief Introduction to Translation
◇
Teaching
Contents:
I.
Discussion:
What is translation
What is a successful
translation
What
difficulties might occur in translating
process
A.
What is translation
1.
Key
words:
source
language(SL)
/
receptor
language
/
target
language(TL);
reproduce;
message / information; equivalence /
correspondence
2.
Nature of
translation
Translation
consists
in
reproducing
in
the
receptor
language
the
closest
natural
equivalent
of
the
source
language
message,
first
in
terms
of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A.
Nida)
德国译学教授
Wolfram Wilss
在
The Science of
Translation
：
Problems
&
Methods
一书中说：
Translation
is
not
simply
a
matter
of
seeking
other
words
with similar meaning,
but of finding appropriate ways of saying things
in another language. Translating is
always meaning-based, . it is the
transfer
of
meaning
instead
of
form
from
the
source
language
to
the
target
language.
（
翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表
达事物的适当方式。翻
译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的
转换，而不是形式。
）
这说明了翻译是语义
的翻译，不是语言形式的翻译，是运用另一种语言的适
当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内
容，而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言
中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出
原文语言层面的束缚，必须着眼
于传达原文的内容和意义。换句话说，翻译的基本单位应
该是语篇，而不是词
语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，语言的实际使用单位是语篇
这样的言
1
1
v1.0
可编辑可修改
语单位，而不是词语结
构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、
一个句段、一个句群，也有可能
是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，
其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种
语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻
译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准
确而完整地重新表达出
来的语言活动。
3.
Classification
of translation:
a.
Oral
interpretation / written translation
b.
Human
translation / machine translation
c.
Literary /
scientific / political / commercial
translation
d.
Domestication
(naturalization)
/
foreignization
(estrangement,
alienation)
e.
Literal
translation / free translation
B.
What is a
successful translation
1.
严复：信、达、雅
(faithfulness,
expressiveness, elegance)
2.
傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当象
临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似
3.
钱钟书：诱、讹、化
4.
Eugene A.
Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional
equivalence
C.
What difficulties might occur in
translating process
Language
/ Cultural Barriers
Translatability is lower when (1) the
work to be translated is quite
distant
both
in
time
and
space;
(2)
its
form
is
very
much
unique;
(3)
the
content
is not shared in the two cultures.
→
Betrayal: Loss
/ Distortion
1.
Understanding
i.
Word
meaning
Example
analysis
Millet made a
portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered
her.
2
2
v1.0
可编辑可修改
米勒为了逢迎柴斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅像。
（原文中的
flatter
意为
“
超过
”
[to
make
better looking
than
the
reality]
，将其译为
“
逢迎
”
是理解上的错误。
）
米勒给柴斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅像，该像之美简直超过了她本人。
ii.
Sentence
structure
Example
analysis
The
traditionalist
type
of
composer
begins
with
a
pattern
rather
than
with a theme. The
creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic
conception so much as the personal
treatment of a well-established
pattern.
【原译】传统主义
型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的
创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个
性化处理的主题概念。
【改译】传统型作曲家是从形式出发而
不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱
斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思，而是对固定形式的个
性化处理。
iii.
Background knowledge
Example analysis
Then he was off to Columbia Business
School , where he found his
Rosetta
Stone
of
investing.
(Roger
Lowenstein:
An
Unassuming
Billionaire )
Rosetta Stone
是古埃及石，意为
“
提供线索
”
，这儿喻指
“
帮助
了解难题的事物
”
。
后来他进了哥伦比亚商学院，在那里找到了自己的投资指南。
2.
Expressing
i.
Literal
translation Vs. liberal translation
Literal
translation
takes
sentences
as
its
basic
units
and
the
whole
text
into
consideration
at
the
same
time
in
the
course
of
translation.
It strives to
reproduce both the ideological content and the
style
3
3
v1.0
可编辑可修改
of
the
entire
literary
work
and
retain
as
much
as
possible
the
figures
of
speech.
Liberal
Translation
mainly convey the meaning
and spirit of the
original
without
trying
to
reproduce
its
sentence
pattern
or
figures
of
speech.
Example
analysis
To kill two birds
with one stone.
直译：一石二鸟
意译：一箭双雕，一举两得
树倒猢狲散
直译：
When the tree falls, the
monkeys scatter.
意
译
：
Members
run
away
when
the
family
falls.
/
Rats
leave
a
sinking ship.
ii.
Free
translation
Example
analysis
This was one of the
secrets of his great popularity, but it was a
popularity which was as unsettled as
the waves. It swelled, and
bubbled, and
foamed for a while, only to recede, and be lost to
its
former possessor.
【原译】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：
在短暂的时间内如日中天，盛极一时，炙手可热，但转瞬间又烟消云散，
终于在原来有些
声望的人身上消失了。
【改译】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，
但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：
一时间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终
于在原来享有这种声
望的人身上荡然无存。
iii.
Translationese
Example analysis
4
4
v1.0
可编辑可修改
The
only
concession
he
made
to
the
climate
was
to
wear
a
white
dinner
jacket.
【原译】他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。
<
/p>
【改译】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
iv.
Cohesion
and coherence
Example
analysis
There was a menu ,
but it didn’t make any difference , everything
tasted the same. Monumental portion.
You’d stand up at the end and
want to
die.
(M. Lurie , A Beacon in the Night)
【原译】那儿有菜单，可没什么区别。所有东西味道都一样。份量惊人，
你最后会站起来想死。
【改译】那
儿是有菜单，可完全派不上用场，因为所有东西味道都一样。
只是份量惊人，你吃完后一
站起身来就会感觉胀得要死。
D.
How can we improve our
translation
1.
English reading
2.
Chinese
writing
3.
Translation practice
II.
The Role of Translator:
The craft of translator is
…
deeply ambivalent; it is
exercised in a radical
tension between
impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate
recreation.
—
George Steiner
译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾
体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：
一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方
面又有适当再创作的冲动。
A.
Metaphors for translator:
1.
A courier of
the human spirits
（普希金）
2.
A sculptor who
tries to recreate a work of painting
5
5
v1.0
可编辑可修改
3.
A
straitjacketed dancer
4.
A musician /
an actor
5.
Traduttori-traditori (Translators are
traitors.)
B.
Responsibility of
translator:
1.
Competent linguistic ability &
bicultural knowledge
2.
Being as
transparent as possible
3.
Being a good
negotiator
III.
T
he Development of
Translation in China:
翻译史上的三个高峰期：
1.
汉至唐宋佛经的转译：支谦；鸠摩罗什；道安；玄奘
2.
明清
以后西欧科技文化的引进：徐光启；严复；林纾；
（译才并世数严林－康有
为）
3.
五四之后的现代阶段：郭沫若；鲁迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；钱钟书
6
6
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Contrast
between English and Chinese (1)
◇
Teaching
Contents:
I.
Thinking Style and Diction
A.
Abstract vs.
Concrete
An
excessive
reliance
on
the
noun
at
the
expense
of
verb
will,
in
the
end,
detach
the mind of the
writer from the realities of here and now, from
when and how and
in what mood the thing
was done, and insensibly induce a habit of
abstraction,
generalization and
vagueness.
─
G. M. Young
1.
Embodiment
. The
signs of the times point to the necessity of the
modification of
the system of administr
ation.
（
Times
）
It
is
becoming
clear
that
the
administrative
system
must
be
modified.
行政系统需要改革，这一点已经越来越清楚了。
.
There
seems
to
have
been
an
absence
of
attempt
at
conciliation
between
rival
sects.
(Daily Telegraph)
The
rival sects seem never even to have tried mutual
conciliation.
7
7
v1.0
可编辑可修改
对立的派别似乎从未试图谋求和解。
2.
Visualization
.
utterly quiet
鸦雀无声
. In 1966 the North Korean team made it
to the quarter finals.
译：
1966
年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进
了四分之一
决赛。
．．
perfect
harmony
careful
consideration
total
exhaustion
impudence
ardent
loyalty
feed on
fancies
offend public
decency
make a little
construction
await with
great anxiety
disintegration
lack of perseverance
B.
Static
（静）
vs.
Dynamic
（动）
Examples:
1)
名词化（
Nominalization
）
Comparison:
a)
The
doctor
arrived
extremely
quickly
and
examined
the
patient
uncommonly
carefully;
the
result
was
that
he
recovered
very
speedily.
The
doctor’s
extremely
quick
arrival
and
uncommonly
careful
examination of the patient brought
about his speedy recovery.
医
生迅速赶到，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
b)
Freedom-loving
people
everywhere
condemned
them
because
they
violated
8
8
水乳交融
深思熟虑
精疲力竭
厚颜无耻
赤胆忠心
画饼充饥
伤风败俗
添砖加瓦
望穿秋水
土崩瓦解
三天打鱼，两天晒网
v1.0
可编辑可修改
the
agreement
reached
at
Helsinki
and
abused
basic
human
rights
in
their
own
country.
The abuse of
basic human rights in their own country in
violation of
the agreement reached at
Helsinki earned them the condemnation of
freedom-loving people
everywhere.
他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内践踏基本人权，因此受到各地热爱
自由的人们
的谴责。
.
He
was
a
clever
man;
a
pleasant
companion;
a
careless
student;
with
a
great
propensity for running into debt, and a
partiality for the tavern.
他头脑灵活，讨人喜欢
/
很好相处，可
是学习不用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢
上酒馆喝点小酒。
2)
介词充斥
(prepositi
onitis)
. He has someone
behind him.
Someone
supports him.
. With these
words she went away.
After saying these, she went away.
. He is at his books.
He is reading his books.
II.
Thinking Style and Syntax
A.
形合与意合
(Hypotactic vs.
Paratactic)
形合（
Hy
potactic
）
句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
The dependent or subordinate
construction or relationship of clauses with
connectives.
(The
American
Heritage
Dictionary)
.
I shall despair if you don’t
come.
意合
< br>（
Paratactic
）
9
9
v1.0
可编辑可修改
词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法
意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分
句的含义表达。
The arranging of clauses one after
the other without connectives showing
the relation between them. (The World
Book Dictionary)
.
大雨倾盆，河水泛滥，冲毁了很多民房。
英语造句多用各种形式手段连接，注重显性接应（
overt
cohesion
）
，重形式，重结构。
相对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用频率极高。
present
onslaught
of
vehicles
poses
a
serious
threat
to
urban
life
and
pedestrian
peace of mind.
现如今车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
< br>
B.
Impersonal
vs. Personal
It has been
noted with concern that the stock of books in the
library has
been declining alarmingly.
Students are asked to remind themselves of the
rules
for
the
borrowing
and
return
of
books,
and
bear
in
mind
the
needs
of
other
students.
Penalties for
overdue books will in the future be strictly
enforced.
近来已
注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生切记图书借还规则，
并考虑其他
学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。
1.
Inanimate noun
(
无灵名词
) as subject
. Excitement deprived me of all
power of utterance.
我激动得什么话也说不出。
. The thick carpet killed the sound of my
footsteps.
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声响都没有。
2.
Preparatory
word: it
. It
hurts!
(“
it
”
:
unspecified word
虚义词
)
——好疼！
. It never
occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
我从未想到她会这么不老实。
3.
Passive voice
(hidden agent/doer)
10
10
v1.0
可编辑可修改
.
The
resistance
can
be
determined
provided
that the
voltage
and
current
are
known.
只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。
C.
Subject-
Prominent
（主语句）
vs. Topic-
Prominent
（主题句）
Examples:
1) She
showered us with telegrams.
译：她的电报纷至沓来。
2)
There was something original, independent, and
heroic about the plan
that pleased all
of them.
译：这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有
魄力，所以他们都很满意。
3) Bright
colors and bold strokes characterize his early
painting.
译：他的早期绘画
色彩明亮、笔触大胆。
．．．．．．
11
11
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Contrast
between English and Chinese (2)
◇
Teaching
Contents:
I.
Comment on the homework
II.
Lexical Differences
英汉词类系统比较
英语
词类名称
Nouns
Verbs
作用
表示人或事物名称
表示动作或状态
词类名称
名词
动词
汉语
作用
表示人或事物名称
表示动作、行为、
发展变化
Adjectives
表示人或事物的性
质与特性
Adverbs
用来修饰动词、形
容词
表示动作状态的特
征或程度
Pronoun
代替名词、数词
代词
代替一切实词或表
指代作用
Prepositions
用在名、
代词后面
组成介词短语，说
明它与别的词之间
< br>的关系
Conjunctions
连接词、短语或句
子
连词
介词
用在名、
代词之后，
组成介词结构，表
示处所、时间、方
向、方式等
连接词、词组或句
子
副词
形容词
表示人或事物的性
质状态
用来修饰限制动
词、形容词、表示
程度、时间、频
率
12
12
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Interjections
表示说话的感情或
语气
感叹词
表示感叹或呼唤应
答的词
Articles
用在名词前面，帮
助说明名词的含义
冠词
（汉语无冠词）
语气词
量词
表示各种语气
表示事物和动作的
单位
A.
Word order
1.
Attributive
modifiers
英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，
短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。
汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前
面。
Examples:
1) something important
重要
的事
．．
2) the ancient Chinese
poet
中国古代
诗人
．．．．
3) a little, yellow,
ragged, lame, unshaven beggar
一个身材瘦小
的叫化
．．．．
子，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子
拉渣的，还瘸着腿
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
4) a
candidate with little chance of success
一个当选希望极微
的候选人
．．．．．．
2.
Adverbial modifiers
< br>英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。
Examples:
1) to
develop
rapidly
迅速发展；
extremely
fast
快极了
/
极快
2) With a bag
of books we walked across the garden in the gray
light of
the dawn.
我们提着一袋书
，在晨曦中
穿过了花园。
．．．．．
．．．．
3) He
was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw
anyone off the
scent.
为了迷惑别人
，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。
．．．．．．
13
13
v1.0
可编辑可修改
4) He was
born in Rome on May 27, 1980.
< br>他是
1980
年
月
日在罗马
出生的。
/
他于
1980
年
月
日
出生于罗马
。
．
．
．
．
．
5
．
．
27
．
．
．．．．
．
．
．
．
．<
/p>
5
．
．
27
．
．
．
．．
III.
S
yntactic
Differences
A.
Transformation of sentence
structure
1.
Simple Sentence
→
Complex Sentence
.
His
superior
grades
at
high
school
enabled
him
to
enroll
at
the
tuition-
free College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
2.
Complex
Sentence
→
Simple
Sentence
. That he will come
to the discussion is certain.
他肯定会来参加讨论
的。
. He doesn
’
t know
what life means to him.
他不知道人生的意义。
3.
Complex
Sentence
→
Complex
Sentence
. Our men had gone
quite a distance off before the enemy
reinforcement
troops came up.
我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
. This place is really beautiful, and
many people bring their wives and
families out here to live.
这
地方实在漂亮，
（所以）许多人都带着家
小搬来居住。
4.
Inverted Order
→
Natural Order
. Little did I then know the meaning of
war and what it was in reality.
当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
5.
Passive Voice
→
Active Voice
. He is respected by everybody.
人人都尊敬他。
. I was
told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.
有人告诉我不
要相信报纸上读到的消息。
B.
Sentence
order
1.
Time order
14
14
v1.0
可编辑可修改
. He had flown in just the day before
from Georgia where he had spent
his
vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the
completion of
the construction job he
had been engaged in in the South.
译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，
享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
2.
Logic
order
a.
Cause-result order
. He had to stay at home yesterday
owing to the bad
weather
.
b.
Condition
–
result order
. She will play the piano
only if she is paid
.
只有付给她报酬，她才
愿意演奏钢琴。
=
15
15
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Understanding Source Text
◇
Teaching
Contents:
I.
Comment on the homework
II. The three levels of meaning
美国语言教学家
Wilga M.
Rivers
说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义，即词语意义、语
法或结构意义以及社会和文化意义（
the three levels of
meaning: lexical meaning,
structural or
grammatical meaning, and social-cultural
meaning
）
。
Examples:
1
So that's how I became just another kid
in school.
就这样，我成了学校里一名和其他孩子一样的普通孩子。
2
At first, they were being
nice.
起初人们只是出于一时的好心。
3
John
Major
faces
severe
social
and
economic
problems
as
well
as
tough
debate
over
European integration, but his
top
priority will be to
maintain the Tories'
long
lease on 10 Downing Street.
梅杰面临严重的社会和经济问题以及关于欧洲统一的艰苦辩论，但是他的当务之急将是<
/p>
维系保守党的长期执政。
III
、
Approaches to correct
understanding
16
16
v1.0
可编辑可修改
1.
要理解原文语句的内部关系：
Examples:
Go to
hell! You report what I have done to the
authorities.
去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我对他们的不敬吧！
【译文】去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我的所作所为好啦！
He ate his savoury, and hurried the
maid as she swept the crumbs.
< br>他一边吃着最后的一道消食小吃，一边催促女佣人赶快打扫碎屑。
【译文】他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。
2.
要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：
John is now with his parents in New
York; it is three years since he was a high
school teacher in
Washington.
【译文】约翰现在同父母一起住在纽
约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三年了。
Derek
fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends
too much time admiring
himself in the
mirror for my liking.
德里克自以
为是讨女人喜欢的人，可是为了讨我喜欢，他却花很多时间在镜子面前自我
欣赏。
【译文】德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么
多的时间在镜子面
前自我欣赏。
3.
要结合上下文语境进行理解：
The
tyrants
might
array
their
cruelty,
but
the
people
would
oppose
their
bravery.
【译文】暴君恣意肆虐，人民则奋勇反抗。
Managers face a host of new business
realities, such as changing patterns of
employment that include an explosion of
outsourcing and new alliances.
管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如就业的模式不断变化
包括外购。重组
等现象的猛增。
【译文】管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如企业用工方式的不断变化
包
括大幅度增加外部采办和新建联产单位。<
/p>
17
17
v1.0
可编辑可修改
4.
要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：
While many women are comfortable being
close and sharing secrets, men often
struggle to express their emotions in
relationship with other men.
虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人
的关系中表达感情。
【译文】许多女人亲密相处互吐隐秘感
到心安理得，而男人要对其他男人表露感情却非
易事。
On the drunken occasion in question, I
was insufferable about liking you, and
not liking you. I wish you would forget
it.
在那次大醉时，我老考虑是不是喜欢你，搞得我无法
忍受，希望你忘了它。
【译文】那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，
我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，
希望你忘了它吧。
5.
要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：
Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were
shipped
from Shanghai to New York.
They were
products
of
the
city's
first
joint
venture.
Owing
to
a
storm
at
sea,
some
of
the
cargo
got
stained by seawater. However, the goods duly
arrived yesterday.
【译文】有
50
箱羊毛衫从上海发往纽约。这些羊毛衫是上海首家合资企业的产品
。由于
海上遇到风暴，其中一部分遭到海水污损，但这批货物已于昨天按时运抵。
bless
you,
my
child,
said
she,
embracing
Amelia,
and
scowling
the
while
over
the
girl's
shoulder
at
Miss
Sharp.
away,
Becky,
said
Miss
Jemima,
pulling
the young woman away in great
alarm.
她搂着爱米丽亚说：
“
求老天保佑你，孩子。
”一面说，一面从女孩的肩头对夏泼小姐恶
狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着年轻女子出来，口里说：
“来吧，贝基。
”
【译文】她搂着爱米丽亚说：
“求老天保佑你，孩子。
”一面说，一面从爱米丽亚肩头对
夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着夏泼小姐出来，口里说：
“走吧，小
姐。
”
I seized the largest brush and fell
upon my wretched victim with wild fury.
18
18
v1.0
可编辑可修改
我抓起那支最大的画笔
，迅猛异常地向我可怜的受害者扑了过去。
【译文】我抓起那
支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。
6.
要注意省略和替代部分的理解：
about the rest.
“他的藏画全都卖了吗”
“他有一些画，其他的我说不准。
”
【译文】
“他的藏画全都卖了吗”
<
/p>
“有一部分画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。
”
< br>
In other words there is at work in
the language of a man, or of an age
even,
a constant principle
of selection.
【译文】换句话说，不仅一个
人的语言，甚至于一个时代的语言，都不断受到淘汰原理
的影响。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot
think of any more than we can of a stick
with only one end.
< br>【译文】我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍
子只有一头一样。
We are human and
human beings are far from perfect. To be human
implies that we
will make mistakes. But
it's more than that we feel human. We now feel
entitled.
【译文】我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全
十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是，我
们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错
误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。
19
19
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Transfer of Word Meaning
I.
Comment on the homework
II.
Choice of
Wording Meanings
（词义的选择）
A.
Context:
A word
used in a new context is a new word.
一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多变，词义对上下
文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较狭窄，比较
精确、固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。英语一向被认为
20
20
v1.0
可编辑可修改
是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言，它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性
上。汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，尤其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用词讲求词义
精确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦谲为不法、诫绝生造词义。
刘宓庆《文体与翻译》
The
meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can
only be decided in
certain context. For
example:
1.
story:
a.
Oh, what a
story!
哦，好个谎言！
b.
To make a long
story short.
长话短说。
c.
It is another
story now.
这是另外一个问题。
d.
He storied
about his academic career and his professional
career.
他编造了他的学历和经历。
e.
Once the story
got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.
要是这
个奇闻一旦传了出去，就会讨论个没完没了。
f.
I
don
’
t buy your
story.
我不相信你的话。
g.
Stories
circulated first in
Moscow.
流言起初是在莫斯科传播的。
h.
I have tried
all I could do to silence such a story.
我已经想尽办法
去压下这个谣传了。
i.
Her story is
one of the
saddest.
她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。
j.
John
’
s tale
sounded to me exactly like a fish story.
我认为约翰的故
事荒唐无比。
k.
The story
about him became smaller and faded from the public
eye by
and
by.
报道对他的渲染已减少，不久他就不再受公众注意了。
l.
I
don
’
t
want
to
get
a
wrong
idea
of
me
from
all
these
stories
you
hear.
你听那么多闲话，
我不希望你从中得出一个对我的错误看法。
m.
You put me on
the spot. I have to cook up a story this time.
你把我
拖下水，这回我要找借口了。
21
21
v1.0
可编辑可修改
n.
A young man
came to the police office with a story.
一个年轻人来到警
察局报案。
o.
It was
reported that the general was dead, but officials
refused to
confirm the
story.
据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这个消息。
2.
kill:
a.
He killed the
man.
他杀了那个人。
b.
He killed the
dog.
他宰了那条狗。
c.
They killed
the proposal.
他们断然拒绝该建议。
d.
Please kill
the engine.
请把发动机熄火。
e.
He is dressed
to kill.
他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人。
f.
You are
killing me.
你的话笑死我了。
/
< br>你的动作笑死我了。
g.
She kills her child with
kindness.
她宠坏了小孩。
h.
He took a
snack to kill her
hunger.
他吃零食充饥。
i.
9.
He killed time every day at the
park.
他每天上公园消磨时间。
j.
He killed the
motion when it came from the committee.
他否决了委员会
提出来的建议。
k.
He killed
himself with
overwork.
他因工作过劳而死。
l.
He killed the
spirit of the
group.
他抹杀了团体的精神。
m.
The news
killed their
hope.
这消息使他们的希望破灭。
n.
These flowers
kill easily.
这些花容易枯死。
o.
He killed
three bottles of whiskey in a
week.
他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。
还如：
kill
one
’
s appetite
使某人倒胃
kill time
打发时间
kill the
peace
扼杀和平
kill
the mood
破坏气氛
kill a marriage
解除婚姻
22
22
v1.0
可编辑可修改
B.
Collocation:
Sometimes
different
Chinese
Words
should
be
employed
to
transfer
the
same
English word in order to form proper
collocation.
.
exercise:
exercise
options
（
行使
选择权）
；
．．
exercise
judgment
（作出
判断）
；
．．
exercise
monopoly
（实施
垄断）
；
．．
exercise
democr
acy
（实行
民主）
；
．．
exercise
responsibility
（履行
责任）
；
exercise
influence
（施加
影响）
．．
．．
C.
Word
Form:
In many cases,
different word forms (such as tense, plural form,
etc.)
lead to great difference in word
meaning. For example:
1)
The
roofs
of
this
pagoda
are
constructed
of
colored
glazed
tiles
of
yellows
and greens
.
这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿
色
的琉璃
瓦盖成的。
．．．．．．．．．
．
2) She rejected his
advances
during the trip to Cannes.
在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱
。
．．
III.
C
ommendatory Sense or
Derogatory Sense
（词义的褒贬）
A.
The word
itself has commendatory sense or derogatory
sense.
For
instance:
1.
He was a man of
high
renown
.
他是位有名望
的人。
．．
2.
His
notoriety
as
a rake did not come until his death.
<
/p>
他作为流氓
/
放荡的恶名
是他死后才传开来的。
．．
3.
The tasks carried out by them are
praiseworthy
.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬
的。
．．．．
4.
Henry keeps
boasting
that he has talked
to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘
说他曾同总统谈过话。
．．
23
23
v1.0
可编辑可修改
B.
The word
itself is neutral but show commendatory or
derogatory sense in
certain
context.
For
example:
1.
Those who do not remember the past are
condemned to
relive
it
.
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙
。
．．．．
2.
He
was
a
man
of
integrity,
but
unfortunately
he
had
a
certain
reputation
.
I
believe the
reputation
was
not deserved.
他是个诚实正直的人，但却不
幸有某种坏名声
。我相信他不该有这个坏名声
。
．．．
．．．
C.
The word
itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory
sense.
译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。
For example:
1.
He is
an
aggressive
salesman.
他是个很有进取心
/
干劲
的销售员。
．．．．
．．
2.
Aggressive
photographers
followed the princess everywhere and flooded
the media with photos of her private
life.
无孔不入
的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。
．．．．
3.
Hitler carried out an
aggressive
policy after he
seized power.
希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略
政策。
．．
IV.
Amplification of Word
Meaning
（词义的引申）
A.
虚实引申
1.
具体化引申
英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体
化引申（
concretion)
。
.
During
the
meeting,
the
Chinese
Premier
met
respectively
with
his
German,
British and Japanese
counterparts
.
会议期间，中国总理
< br>分别会晤了德国总理
、英国首相
和日本国内阁总理大臣<
/p>
。
．．
．．<
/p>
．．
．．．．．．
2.
< br>
抽象化引申
24
24
v1.0
可编辑可修改
英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个
表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、
一
个
事
物
或
一
种
概
念
。
翻
译
这
类
词
时
，
一
般
将
词
义
加
< br>以
抽
象
化
引
申
（
abstraction)<
/p>
，使译文流畅、自然。
. There
is a mixture of the
tiger
and the
ape
in his
character.
他的性格既凶暴
又狡猾
。
．．
．．
B.
术语移用
.
Ulysses Grant once explained his
military success by writing, “The fact
is I think I am a
verb
, instead of a
personal
pronoun
.”
尤利西斯格兰特
将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：“事实上，我认为自己
是个动词
（独立而富于行动
）
；而不是个人称代词
（从属而被动
）
。”
<
/p>
．．
．．．．．．．
．．．．
．．．．．
. U.S. influence and
prestige
nosedived
in
Africa
美国在非洲的影响和声望急剧下降
。
．．．．
C.
逻辑引申
.
Really,
though,
the
books
were
about
money
–
who
has
it,
where
to
hide
it,
what a suit of clothing costs, how long
you can keep the butcher
waiting
.
实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关——谁得到了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多
．．．．．．
少钱，你能在肉贩那儿赊多久的帐
。
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
V
、
Register
(
语域
)
Register
is
a
variety
of
language
that
a
language
user
considers
appropriate
to a specific situation.
Different
groups
within
each
culture
have
different
expectations
about
what
kind
of
language
is
ppropriate
to
particular
situations.
A
translator
must
ensure
that
the
translation
matches
the
register
expectations
of
its
prospective receivers,
unless, of course, the purpose of the translation
is to give a flavor of the source
culture. This might be well shown in the
different versions of the following
poem by Tennyson:
Man for
the field and woman for the hearth;
25
25
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Man for the sword and for the needle
she.
Man with the head and
woman with the heart:
Man to
command and woman to obey.
Version one:
男人耕种女持家，男战沙场女绣花
，男人多思女多情，男人尊贵女卑下。
Version
two:
男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐。男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线。
男人头脑理智，女人感情用事。男人发号施令，女人言听计从。
Version three:
哥哥持外，妹妹佑内，哥哥侠
胆，妹妹细腻，哥哥理智，妹妹温顺，哥哥下
令，妹妹俯首。
Version four:
牛郎躬耕忙，荆钗理家瘦。飞骑赴戎机，红妆织锦褛。
须眉频谋计，朱颜多凝愁。百令生百诺，琴瑟两相受。
Version five:
男种田来女做饭，男打仗来女缝
衫。男多理智女多情，男发号令女照办。
Version
six:
男人围着事业转，女人围着家庭转。男人遮风避雨，女人针线持家。男人处理
理智，女人情感细腻。一个成功的男人背后必然站着一位伟大的女性。
< br>
Version seven:
壮士荷锄兮女持家，
壮士征战兮女纺纱。壮士运筹兮女多情，壮士发号兮女
服从。
Expressing in
the Target Language-operational principles
◇
Teaching
Contents:
26
26
v1.0
可编辑可修改
1
要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：
Interest
in
historical
methods
has
arisen
less
through
external
challenge
to the
validity of history as an intellectual
discipline and more from internal quarrels
among historians themselves.
对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效
性的外界挑战，而更多
来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
【译文】人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因
为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
Distance from the event should make the
memories less painful.
事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
It
was
an
elderly
woman,
tall
and
shapely
still,
though
withered
by
time,
on
whom
his eyes
fell when he stopped and turned.
【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，
虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。
2.
要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：
His irritation could not withstand the
silent beauty of the night.
他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
【译文】更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
But this arms race strained the
government's principles as well as its
budgets.
【译文】但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无
法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
The team is
famous for its arsenal of veteran
players.
【译文】这个球队拥有众多经验丰富的老队员，很有名气。
3.
要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势：
Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.
无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。
【译文】想吃什么，只要告诉我。
27
27
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Even if you go there, there wouldn't be
any result.
即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。
【译文】你去了也是白去。
A
big nation has its problems while a small nation
has its advantages.
【译文】大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。
Foreign intervention will thus find
justification.
外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。
【译文】外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。
He spoke with firmness, but his face
was very sad and his eyes were dim.
他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。
【译文】他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。
He was but a man with many grey hairs,
with a heavy burden of responsibility,
of thoughts and worries.
他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。
【译文】他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。
Gathering
facts,
confirming
then,
suggesting
theories,
testing
them,
and
organizing findings -- this is all the
work of science.
收集资料，对它们进行
论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加上对研究成果进行归纳整
理－－这就是全部的科学
工作。
【译文】收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，
并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－
这就是科学工作的全部内容。
4.
要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：
Before
we
can
learn
to
appreciate
those
different
from
us,
we
must
open
our
hearts
to tolerance.
在我
们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。
【译文】我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。
Any person not leaving litter in this
basket will be liable to a fine of
￡
5.
28
28
v1.0
可编辑可修改
凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款
5
镑。
【译文】杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款
5
镑。
At the sight of
Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels
together.
年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。
【译文】年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。
5.
遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：
If a heavy body is
to
be
lifted to a certain
height,
work must
be
done,
or energy
expended, equal to the weight of the
body multiplied by the height through which it
is raised.
【译文】如
果把重物举到一定高度，一定要做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体
重量乘以物体
举起的高度。
The
continental
United
States
stretches
4,500
kilometers
from
the
Atlantic
Ocean
on the east to the
Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on
the north, and
reaches south to Mexico
and the Gulf of Mexico.
【译文
】美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨
4,500
公里。北与
加拿大接壤，南与墨
西哥和墨西哥弯毗邻。
29
29
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Translation
skills
－
Converting
◇
Teaching
Contents:
Owing
to
the
different
thinking
styles
and
language
habits
of
English
and
Chinese,
some
parts of speech have to be converted into others
during translating to convey
the proper
meaning of the original. Mainly there are four
ways of such converting:
I.
Converting
into Verbs
A.
Nouns Converted into Verbs
1.
Nouns derived
from verbs
（动词派生的名词）
. The 1967 UN document called for
the
settlement
of the Middle
East
conflict on the Israeli
withdrawal
from West Bank
and Gaza Strip.
19
67
年联合国文件要求以色列从约旦河西岸和加沙地带撤军
以解
决
中东冲
．．
．．
突。
2.
Nouns containing verbal
sense
（含有动作意思的名词）
. A
look
at his
photos reminded me of our school days.
看到
他的照片使
我想起了我们的学生时代。
．．
3.
Nouns with suffix
“–
er
”
do not always stand for
people
’
s identity or
profession;
sometimes
they
embody
a
verbal
sense
instead.
These
nouns
are
often
converted into verbs during translating,
especially when they do
not
have
Chinese
equi
valents.
（一些加后缀
-er
的名词有时并不指其身份或职
业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有对应的名词时
，往往译为动词。
）
. He is
a very good
story-teller
.
他极善于讲故事
。
．．．
. Some of you in your
class are good
singers
.
你们班上有些人歌唱
得很好。
．
4.
Nouns
as
the
principle
part
of
a
fixed
expressio
n
（作为习语主体的名词）
.
Shall we have a
rest
我们休息
一下，好吗
．．
30
30
v1.0
可编辑可修改
. He made
no
mention
of his
resignation.
他没提到他辞职
的事。
．．
B.
Prepositions Converted into
Verbs
. Did you see the boy
in
blue
你看到那个穿
蓝衣服的男孩了吗
．
. Drug taking is
against
the law.
吸毒是违
法的。
．
C.
Adjectives Converted into
Verbs
英语中表示知觉、
情感、
欲望等心理状态的形容词，
在联系动词后做表语时，
往
往转译成动词。例如：
able,
afraid,
angry
,
anxious,
ashamed,
aware,
careful,
cautious,
certain,
concerned,
confident,
delighted,
doubtful
,
ignorant,
glad,
grateful, sorry, sure ,thankful,
etc.
. The doctors said that
they are not
sure
whether
they can save his life.
医生说他们不敢肯定
能否挽救他的生命。
．．
. I have to be
cautious
.
我必须小心谨
慎
才是。
．．．
．
D.
Adverbs
Converted into Verbs
. With
only one day
off
in a week,
working people barely had enough time to
arrange the household.
一周只休息
一天（一
周只有一天休息）
，上班族几乎没有足够的时间安排家务。
．．
II.
Converting into Nouns
A.
Verbs
Converted into Nouns
1.
Verbs
transformed from
nouns
（名词转化的动词）
.
The
design
aims
at
automatic
operation,
easy
regulation,
simple
maintenance and high
productivity.
设计的目的
在于自动操作、调节方便、维护简易、生产率高。
．．
. To them, he
personified
the absolute
power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身
。
．．
2.
Passive voice
（英语被动句式常可译为受到
/
遭到
/
予以
/
加以＋名词的形式）
31
31
v1.0
可编辑可修改
. The invasion of another independent
country must be
stopped
.
侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予以制
止
。
．．．．
B.
Adjectives
Converted into Nouns
.
Crying is considered to be
characteristic
of
woman.
人们认为爱哭是女人的特点
。
．．
. In this fission
fragments are very
radioactive
.
在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性
。
．．．
**
此外，
the + adj.
往往表示一类人，通常也汉译为名词。
. Do not look down upon
the
poor
.
不要看不起穷人
。
．．
C.
Adverbs Converted into Nouns
. Nowadays many people in the society
are
materially
rich but
spiritually
poor.
当今社会中，有许多人物质
富有却精神
空虚。
．．
．．
D.
Pronouns
Converted into Nouns
.
Radio
waves
are
similar
to
light
waves
except
that
their
wavelength
is
much
greater.
无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波
的波长要长得多。
．．．．
III.
C
onverting into
Adjectives
A.
Nouns Converted into Adjectives (a/an +
n.)
. Independent thinking
is an absolute
necessity
in
study.
独立思考对学习是绝对必需
/
必不可少的
。
．．
．．．．．
B.
Adverbs Converted into
Adjectives
. This film
impressed him
deeply
.
这部电影给他留下了深刻的
印象。
．．．
IV.
Converting
into Adverbs
A.
Adjectives Converted into
Adverbs:
.
Only
when
we
study
their
properties
can
we
make
better
use
of
these
materials.
32
32
v1.0
可编辑可修改
只有研究这些材料的特
点才能更好地
利用它们。
．．．
. A helicopter is
free
to go almost
anywhere.
直升机几乎可以自由地
飞到任何地方。
．．．
B.
Nouns Converted into Adverbs
. I have the honor to inform you that
your request is granted.
我荣幸地
通知你，你的请求已得到批准。
．．．
V.
Classroom
Exercises
1.
Meanwhile, half-starved and often ill,
Crane continued to write.
2.
The language
of the poem is colloquial, yet it's deep in its
understanding
of human
emotions.
3.
Independent observers have commented
favorably
on the
achievements you
have
made in this direction.
4.
Traditionally,
there had always been good relations between
them.
5.
No
wonder
the
sight
of
it
should
send
the
memories
of
quite
a
number
of
people
of the old generation
back 36 years ago.
6.
It is
impossible to live in society and be independent
of society.
7.
The lecture was called Thieves, and was
a demonstration that the proprietor
of
an unearned income inflicted on the community
exactly the same injury as
a burglar
does.
8.
The
young
scholar
worked
long
hours,
on
meager
food,
in
cold
hut,
by
dim
lamp.
9.
She skimmed
over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across
the veranda and
into the
porch.
10.
Most U.S. spy satellites are designed
to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere
after completing their
missions.
Reference Version:
1.
在此期间，
克兰处于半饥饿状态，
而且常常生病，
但他仍坚持写作。<
/p>
（
a.
→
n.;
a.
→
v.
）
33
33
v1.0
可编辑可修改
2.
诗的语言虽很通俗，但对人的感
情的揭示
/
理解却有深度。
（
a.
→
n.
）
3.
有独立见解的
观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了积极的评价。
(v.+adv.
→
v.+a.+n.)
4.
他们之间一直保持着传统的友好
关系。
（
adv.
→
< br>a.
）
5.
难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想
起
36
年前的往事。
（
n.
→
v.
）
6.
生于社会，就不可能
脱离社会。
（
a.
→
< br>v.
）
7.
演讲的题目是
< br>“贼”
，
表明了一个攥取不义之财的人对公众造成的危害
和盗贼是完全一
样的。
（
n.
→
v.
）
8.
年轻的学者吃着简单的饭食，住
在寒冷的茅屋，靠着昏暗的灯光，长时间地工作着。
(prep.
→
v.)
9.
她轻盈地越过草地，跑上小道，
跨上台阶，穿过凉台，走进了门廊。
(prep.
→
v.)
10.
大多数美国卫星完成使命后，按其设计在大气层中焚毁。
（
v.
→
n.
）
Translation skills: Adding
& Cutting
◇
Teaching
Contents:
I
、
Comment on the homework
II
、
A
brief introduction to adding and
cutting
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译
时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将
词量增减。
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、
通顺地
表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词
却有其义
的一些词。
III
、
Adding
1.
Adding
verbs
34
34
v1.0
可编辑可修改
.
There
were
no
speeches,
no
foreign
diplomats,
no
“
ordinary
Chinese
”
with
paper
flags
and flowers.
—
没有发表
讲话，
没有各国外交官到场
，
也没有
“中国群众”
挥舞
纸旗和花束的场面。
．．
．．
．．
. After the
banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis
exhibitions, he would
work on the
drafting of the final
communiqu
é
.
—
参加
完宴
会，出席
过音乐会，观看
了乒乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后
公报。
．．
．．
．．
. I
’
m really busy this
morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an
interview.
—
我今天上午的确很忙，要上
两节课，开
一个会，
还要接受
一个采访。
．
．
．．
2.
Adding
adjectives
. With what
enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign
languages!
—
北京的人们正以多么高
的热情学习外语啊！
．
. What a day/life!
—
多么（
热
/
冷
/
难熬
/
幸福
/
悲惨
）的一天
/
生活啊！
．
．
．．
．．
．．
3.
Adding
adverbs
. How the little
girl looked after her old mother!
—
那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是
多么地细心周到
啊！
．．．．
. The crowd melted
away.
—
人群渐渐地
散去了。
．．．
. As he began talking,
words poured out.
—
他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地
讲个没完。
．．．．．
4.
Adding nouns
A.
After the
intransitive verb
. Be sure
to wash before meal.
—
饭前一定要洗手
。
．
.
Doesn
’
t she wash after
getting up
—
<
/p>
起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸
刷牙
）吗
．
．
. He
sometimes forgets to wash before going to
bed.
—
他有时忘记洗脚
就上床睡觉。
．
. Day after day she does
the same: washing, sweeping, and
cooking.
—
她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗
衣服
，拖地板
，做饭
。
．．
．．
．
B.
Before the
adjective
. The radio is
indeed cheap and fine.
35
35
v1.0
可编辑可修改
—
这台收音机真是物
美价
廉。
．
．
. She is a
complicated girl
–
moody,
sensitive and skeptical.
—
她是个性格
复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。
．．
C.
After the abstract noun
. After all preparations were made, the
sports meet began.
—
一切准备工作
就绪后，运动会开始了。
．．
.
In
the
summer
of
1969,
the
government
publicly
urged
an
easing
of
tensions
with
China.
—
一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓
和与中国的紧张关系
。
．．
D.
After the concrete noun
. He felt the patriot rise within his
breast.
—
他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情
。
．．
. He allowed the father to
be overruled by the judge, and declared his own
son guilty.
—
法官的职责
战胜了父子之情
，他最终判决自己的儿子有罪。
．．
．
5.
Adding words
which indicate the plural form
< br>汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，
很多情况下不必表达出来，
但要表达
指多数人的
名词时，可
用“们”
，如“老师们，同学们”
，或在名词前加“各位／诸位
”
或独立使用
“大家”
；表达事物的复数时可用“若干”等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，
增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。
A.
增加重叠词表示复数
.
Flowers bloom in the fields.
—
朵朵
鲜花开满原野。
．．
. Every summer, tourists
go to the coastal cities.
—
一到夏季，旅游者纷
纷
涌到海滨城市。
．
．
. Rows of new
houses have been set up.
—
一排排
的新房建成了。
．．．
B.
增加数词或其它词表示复数
汉语中有
些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示“多，众多”的意
思，如百（百花齐放
，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）
、千（千篇一律，千人一面，
千方百计）
、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、<
/p>
群、众、历、丛等也表示数量的多：
36
36
v1.0
可编辑可修改
. The lion is the king of
animals.
—
狮子是百
兽之王。
．
. The mountains
were covered with snow.
—
群
山白雪皑皑。
．
. The crowd made a
way for him.
—
众
人给他闪开了一条道。
．
6.
Adding quantifiers
A.
英语中的名词，特别是可数名词
，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是
要用量词。
. I bought a new bike yesterday.
—
我昨天买了一辆
新自行车。
．
. A red sun rose slowly
from the calm sea.
—
一轮
红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。
．
B.
英语
中有些动词或动作名词，
译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、
动
作的动量词。
. Shall we have a
rest
—
我们休息一下
好吗
．．
. Once they quarreled
bitterly.
—
有次他们大吵了一架
。
．．
. I had a look at the
photo and recognized her at once.
—
我看了一眼
照片，马上就认出了她。
．．
7.
Adding words which indicate the
tense
英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表
达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表
达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时
此刻、下周、２０年前等，还要借
助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、
就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去
／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
A.
对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。
. I had heard about him before I met
him.
—
我在见到他之前就
听说过他了
。
．
．
. Once I was
his boss ,but now he is mine.
—
我
一度曾
是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。
．
B.
强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。
.
They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be
as poor as we are.
—
听人说，从前
他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在
一样穷。
．．
．．
8.
Adding
auxiliary words which indicate the tone
37
37
v1.0
可编辑可修改
汉语中有许多语气助词，如：的、吧、呢、啊、呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已
< br>等。在英译汉时，要细心体味原文，使用汉语语气助词，更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。
. Don
’
t
take it so seriously. I just make fun of
you.
—
不要当真嘛
！我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了
。
．
．．
. As for
me, I have nothing to say.
—
我呢
，也没有什么可说的了。
．
9.
Adding words which are syntactically
omitted in the source text
A.
问答句
.
—
Is this your
book
—
Yes, it
is.
—
这是你的书吗
—
是我的
。
．．
.
—
what Don
’
t you love him
—
什么难道你不爱他
B.
排比句
.
“
Reading
maketh
a
full
man;
conference
a
ready
man;
and
writing
an
exact
man
…”
—
“读书使人充实，讨论使人
机智，笔记使人
准确。
”
（培根
:
《论读书》王
．．
．．
佐良译）
C.
比较句
. Better be wise by the defeat of
others than by your own.
—
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己
的失败
中吸取教训
更好。
．．
．．．．
. The
villagers are as ready to look after her as they
were their own
daughter.
—
村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾
他们自己的女儿一样。
< br>
．．．．
D.
隐含条件句
.
At
the
time
of
Kennedy
’
s
assassination,
people
thought
that
a
second
term
would
have led either to greatness or to
disaster.
—
肯尼迪遇刺时，人们认为，假如<
/p>
他再任一届总统的话，大概不是功高盖世，
．．
< br>就是祸国殃民。
. But without
Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never
have been
a Third Reich.
38
38
—
Yes, of course I
do.
—
我当然爱他
！
．．
v1.0
可编辑可修改
—
然而如果
没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。
．．
10.
Adding words which indicate the textual
/ social context
. In April,
there was the
“
ping
”
heard around the world. In July, the ping
< br>“
ponged
”
.
如只照原文译出“四月份，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声乓了一
下。
”
读者肯定不知所云。根据中美建交的背景知识，把这段外
交史话译为：
—
< br>四月里，全世界听到中国
乒的一声把球打了出去
；到了七
月，美国
乓的一声把球
．．
．．．．．
．
．．
．．
打了回来
< br>。
．．．．
. Mao
and Zhou learned that Nixon had the desire for a
visit.
—
毛泽东
和
周恩来
获悉尼克松有访华
的念头。
．．
．．
．
11.
Adding
summarizing words
英汉语中都有概括词。
对应译成“总之”
“等等”即可。但有时英语句子中并无概括
词
，而翻译时往往要加上一些词，而省掉英语中的连接词：
. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan
and the U.S. met in Tokyo.
—
中、俄、日、美四国
外长在东京会晤。
．．
.
China
is
willing
to
exchange
views
with
any
countries,
politically,
culturally and economically.
—中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各个
方面
进行交流。
．．．．．
12.
Adding
linking words
.
Yes,
he
likes
football.
Lots
of
people
do
these
days.
Sort
of
the
fashion,
maybe.
—不错，他喜欢足球。现今很多人喜欢足球。这
似乎是种时髦。
．
. You have made a
mistake, and a serious one.
—你犯了一个错误，而且还是
个
严重错
误。
．．
．
IV
、
Cutting words
From the Grammatical Aspect
1.
Cutting
pronouns
39
39
v1.0
可编辑可修改
A.
Cutting the pronoun as
subject
1.
根据汉语习惯，后句主语若与前句相同，不必重复出现。
. But it
’
s the
way I am, and try as I might, I
haven
’
t been able to change
it.
—
不过我就是这个脾气，虽然竭力想改，终究还是改不了。
2.
泛指人称代词作主语时，即便是第一个主语，也往往省略掉。<
/p>
. You can never tell.
—
很难说。
. We eat to
live, but not live to eat.
—
吃饭是为了活着，可活着不是为了吃饭。
. Anyone who does not
recognize this fact is not a
materialist.
—
不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。
B.
Cutting the pronoun as
object
. This formula makes
it easy to determine the wavelength of
sounds.
—
这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单。
. Before handing in your translation,
you have to read it over and over again and
see if there is anything in it to be
corrected or improved.
—
交出翻译之前必须多读几遍，看看里面有没有要修改的地方。
C.
Cutting the possessive
pronoun
. For two weeks, he
had been studying the house, looking at its rooms,
its electric
wiring, its path and its
garden.
—
连着两星期他都在观察房子的情况
，检查各个房间，查看线路、通道和花园的布局。
.
The
train
came.
He
pinched
his
little
sister
lovingly,
and
put
his
great
arms
about
his mother’s neck and
then was away.
—
火车来了。他疼爱地捏了捏小妹妹
，粗壮的胳膊搂了一下母亲的脖子，然后就走了。
D.
Cutting the pronoun in comparative
sentence
. The climate in
Switzerland is absolutely different from that in
Somalia.
—
瑞士的气候与索马里截然不同。
E.
Cutting “it”
40
40
v1.0
可编辑可修改
A
）
Cutting
“
it
”
as impersonal pronoun
.
Outside it was raining cats and dogs as she shut
the door.
—
她关门时外面正下着滂沱大雨。
B
）
Cutting
“
it
”
as emphatic pronoun
. It was
only then that I began to have doubts whether my
story would ever be told.
—
直到那时我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众。
2.
Cutting conjunctions
Cutting the coordinating
conjunction
.
He
considered
the
National
Security
Council
too
large
and
bulky
and
thus
too
leaky,
too many people who talked too
much.
—
他认为国家安全委员会机构过于庞
大臃肿，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。
. Your
parents or your wife or your son or your best
friends might be expecting you
back
home safe and sound.
—
也许你的父母，妻儿，或者你最好
的朋友都在盼望你平安回家呢。
Cutting the subordinate
conjunction
A)
省略表示原因的连接词
. We
knew that summer was coming, as we could see a
swallow.
—
我们看见一只燕子，知道夏天就要来临了。
. Because the departure was not easy,
we’d better make it brief.
—
离别不是件容易的事（离别真叫人
难受）
，我们还是简短些吧。
B)
省略表示条件的连接词
. If
winter comes, can spring be far behind
—
冬
天来了，春天还会远吗（雪莱《西风颂》
）
. I would not have said it if I had
known it.
—
早知如此我就不说了。
C)
省略表示时间的连接词
. When
at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his
little sister and looked
41
41
v1.0
可编辑可修改
upon her
sorrowfully.
—
最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，悲哀地看着他的小妹妹。
. At long last, on June 6, 1944, after
the European war was basically decided and
Hitler licked, the allies launched
their long-delayed western front.
—
1944
< br>年
6
月
6
日，欧洲战局基本已见分晓，希特勒败局已定，盟军终于在这一天开辟
了延迟了很久的
西线战场。
3.
Cutting
articles
. Any substance is
made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or
a gas.
—
任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气
体，都由原子构成。
（类别）
.
The moon was slowly rising above the
sea.
—
月亮从海上冉冉升起。
（独一无二的事物）
. When I got
to the cinema, the film had already
begun.
—
我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。
（特指）
但在下列情况中冠词不能省略：
A)
不定冠词
“
a(n)
”
强调数目“一”或“每一”
、
“同一”
时：
. twice a week; birds of
a feather
同一种类的鸟
. He left without saying a word.
—
他一句话不说就走了。
B)
定冠词
“
the
”
强调“这”
、
“那”时：
. This is the boy who broke our
window five minutes ago, sir!
4.
Cutting
prepositions
. The
difference between the two machines consists in
power.
—
这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。
.
Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic
weight of .
—
氢是最轻的元素，原子量为。
**<
/p>
一般说来，表示时间和地点的介词短语放在译文句首时大都可省。
42
42
v1.0
可编辑可修改
. The battle began at 11:00
.
—
夜晚
11
点，战役打响了。
（比较：战役在夜晚
11
点打响。
）
. An ancient castle
stood on the edge of the cliff.
—
悬
崖边矗立着一座古堡。
（比较：一座古堡矗立在悬崖边。
）
5.
Cutting verbs
.
When the pressure gets low, the boiling point
becomes low.
—
气压低，沸点就低。
.
Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases
do.
—
如同液体和气体一样，固体也会膨胀和收缩。
From the Rhetorical
Aspect
1
Cutting
the repeated phrase
.
Instead of one old woman knocking me about and
starving me, everybody of all ages
knocked me about and starved
me.
—
那时打我、让我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。
2
Cutting words which are
not necessary
. His younger
sister is an actress.
—
他妹妹是个（女）演员。
. As
scheduled, Chinese and American diplomats met on
January 20, at the Chinese
Embassy in
Poland. It was their first get-together in more
than two years.
—
中美两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在波兰的中国大使馆会晤。这是两年多来的<
/p>
第一次。
. University
applicants who had worked at a job would receive
preference over those
who had not.
—
报考大学的人，有工作经验的将优先录取。
43
43
v1.0
可编辑可修改
Translation skills:
Repeating
◇
Teaching
Contents:
Comment on the Homework
Repeating
重复在汉语语篇中十分常见，是语篇衔接的一种主要手段。
<
/p>
英语语篇的衔接主要依赖代词、助动词或同义词替换，一般情况下避免重复的出现，这
是英语表示衔接的特点；重复原词，不用代词替代原词则是汉语表示衔接的特点。这是说的<
/p>
“用”和“不用”都是相对的，不应该理解成英语不用原词复现和汉语不用代词。
重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过增加的是上文刚刚出现过的词。
翻译与写作一样，
本应精练；但为明确、强调和生动，往往需要将一些关键词加以重复。
I.
For the sake of explicitness
有些词在英语中无需重复，可是译成汉语就必须重复，否则会造成文理不通或逻辑混乱。
. Gas,
oil and
electric
furnaces
are most
commonly used for heat
treating metal.
误译：煤气、石油和电炉最常用来热处理金属。
正译：金属热处理最常用的是煤气炉、石油炉和电炉。
A.
Repetition of
Noun
1.
n.+substitute
英语第
二次提到讲过的事物时习惯用代替词表示替代，汉语则重复原词。这里
的代替词包括物主
代词，
不定代词，
指示代词，
同义词，
the
same,
so,
do(as),
etc.
. Jack kicked the ball to Henry and
Henry kicked it back to Jack.
—
杰克把球踢给亨利，亨利又（把球）踢回给杰克。
.
Striking
through
the
thought
of
his
dear
ones
was
a
sound
he
could
neither
ignore
nor
understand
…
He
wondered
what
it
was,
and
whether
immeasurably
distant or
nearby
–
it seemed both.
—
有一个声音响了起来，刺穿了他对
亲人的思念。这声音他既不能充耳不闻，
又不能领会……他不知这声音是什么，到底来自
辽远还是发于附近——它似
乎亦远亦近。
. Our lab is in Building Four and
theirs is in the Main Building.
—
我们的实验室在四号楼，他们的实验室在主楼。
. My room is lighter than the one next
door.
44
44
v1.0
可编辑可修改
—
我的屋子比隔壁的屋子亮。
. If you need any more money, you must get some
out of the bank; there is
hardly any in
the house.
—
假如你还需要钱，就得去银行取些出来，家里没多少钱了。
. The best watches are those made in
Switzerland.
士表。
. Happy families also have their own
troubles.
—
幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
.
Respect for the views of others is
easy
when these views are like one’s
own.
—
当别人的观点和自己的观点一样时，尊重别人的观点是容易的。
.
Discount
houses
do
not
offer
the
same
services
that
department
stores
do.
—
折扣商店不提供百货公司提供的那种服务。
.
“I thought the acting was
splendid.” “So did
I
.
”
—
“我认为表演好极了。
”
“我也这样认为。
”
.
He’ll come if he said
so.
—
如果他说要来，他就会来。
—
最
好
的
表
是
瑞
. Thank you for your help, which enabled me
to get out of difficulty.
—
感谢你的帮助。正是你的帮助才使得我度过难关。
. They asked for promises that be
cashed in one week.
—
他们要求得到承诺，而这些承诺要在一周内兑现。
2.
n.
(+n.)
英语第二次提到讲过的事物时也可能直接省略，这
在口语中尤为常见，汉语有
时则需重复该名词。这在增译法中已有述及。
. Doctors will get more practice
out of me than out of 100 ordinary
patients.
—
医生们从我一个人身上得到的临床
经验会比从一百个普通病人身上得到
的临床经验还多。
3.
v.+v.+n.
英语中两个并列的
谓语动词后跟同一个宾语时，
往往只保留最后一个宾语，
汉语<
/p>
有时习惯重复该名词。
45
45
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：精品猴子二年级作文300字3篇(最新)
下一篇：一份信用证的翻译参考