剑9阅读词汇笔记

剑九阅读考点关键词笔记

9-1-1

William Henry Perkin: The man who invented synthetic dyes

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1

His talent and devotion to the subject

recognise Perkin

’

s ability as

were perceived by

2

those speech fired the young chemist

’

s

>< enroll in

…

enthusiasm

4

made the scientific breakthrough that

made the discovery that made

would bring him both fame and fortune

him rich and famous

5

native to South America

grow only in South America

6

to manufacture quinine (the only viable

to manufacture a drug

medical treatment for malaria)

7

proving the truth of the famous

inspired by the discoveries

scientist

’

s words

…

of

…

8

the purple colour

…

was so costly that

with what group was the colour

in society at the time only the rich could

purple associated

afford it

9

his nearly instant recognition

immediately understand

10

but it later became commonly known as

the name finally used to refer to

11

asked advice of

…

the person Perkin consulted

12

mauve was the necessary shade for all

in what country

…

first became

the fashionable ladies in that country

fashionable

13

their current use

…

against malaria

disease being targeted

…

using

synthetic dyes

prompt

derive

obtain

objection

stumble on

bark

outrageously

mentor

run-down

surpass

extract

utilize

solidify

available

muddy

byproduct

enthusiasm

synthetic

hue

boost

immerse

take up

fade

flatter

talent

manufacture

backdrop

all the rage

perceive

tar

fabric

clamor

eminent

sludge

patent

stain

enrolment

substance

fascinating

invisible

noted

adj.

solution

reaction

microbe

assistant

potential

instant

bacteria

fame

textile

commercial

tuberculosis

fortune

excretion

originally

cholera

viable

glandular

relatively

anthrax

malaria

snail

fierce

crucial

9-1-2

IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE? The Search for Extra- terrestrial

Intelligence

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14

most scientists adopt two g round rules

assumptions underlying

…

15

how likely it is

likelihood

1

16

looking for radio waves

seeking the transmission of

radio signals

17

how we should react; should not reply

appropriate response

immediately

18

lifetime of a planet like ours

life expectancy of Earth

19

all searches to date have concentrated

what kind of signals

…

on looking for radio waves

searching for

20

the world

’

s largest radio telescopes

the world

’

s most powerful radio

telescopes

21

other civilizations; older civilizations

alien civilizations

21

pass on the benefits of their experience

help human race to overcome

in dealing threats

serious problems

22

pretty well like us

resembles humans in many

ways

23

co-operated on joint research

projects

24

there have not been any detections

have picked up radio signals

25

the Congress voted

attracted criticism from some

members of Congress

26

reply immediately

respond promptly

haunt

wipe out

restrictively

telescope

humanity

galaxy

assumption

sensitivity

poised

adopt

arise

antenna

brink

ignore

inconceivable

considerable

civilisation

convincing

astronomical

debate

acronym

emerge

attenuate

react

intermittently

conservative

vast

impracticality

decade

radically

transmit

ethical

derive

resemble

concentrate

address

vt.

evolve

nevertheless

scale

urgency

foster

orbit

donduct

draft

sufficient

9-1-3

The history of the tortoise

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without whose prior invasion of land

transfer from sea to land before

28

involved a major redesign

make big changes

29

their earlier marine incarnation

their ancestors

29

never developed anything equivalent

lack

to

…

30

look like

resemble

32

fragments

incomplete

33

they surely lived like dolphins, in the

the habitat

water

33

look like

appearance

34

obtain

taken from

2

35

plot

35

the three measurements

36

a tight cluster of points

the upper part

37

some species that spend time

…

(

Tense: simple presen

t)

38

show up

39

both these fossils

40

remarkable

evolutionary

insect

crustacean

scorpion

enterprising

revert

crab

reproduction

cellular

marine

fluid

nevertheless

centipede

ancestor

reptile

ashore

spide

terrestrial

mammal

breed

worm

intermediate

9-2-1

Hearing impairment

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The New Zealand Government

1

has developed

…

and has embarked

on

…

2

established an international working

party

3

heightened activity and noise level

4

it is imperative that the

needs

…

are

taken into account

4

appropriate international standards

5

extremely vulnerable

5

impairment; disorders

7

research carried out

8

…

and the noise generated by

machinery

8

find

…

painful and distressing

9

undiagnosed

10

is to

10

all children

…

will have equal

opportunities

11

contribute to (B-4)

12

modern teaching practices

air-conditioning units

record

the data

a dense cluster of points

the top

living amphibious species

be positioned

both these ancient creatures

the most significant

equivalent

fragment

seal

forelimb

incarnation

overlap

gill

triangular

cease

amphibious

vertebrate

plot

descend

era

contenporary

nest

fin

aquatic

dinosaur

stretch

streamlined

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national policy

initiative

global team effort

growth in classroom noise

a demand

suitable worldwide regulations

more at risk

medical conditions

been studied

in addition to machinery noise

upset children

have not been diagnosed

aim to

give schoolchildren equal

opportunity

contribute to

current teaching methods

cooling system

3

impairment

comprehend

auditory

verbal

impact

fail to

deficit

generate

detrimental

evaluate

preliminary

vulnerable

accoustics

in question

ventilation

autistic (autism)

contribute to

spectrum

collaborative

disorder

amount to

neurological

heighten

genetic

potential

discrepancy

exacerbate

sensory

9-2-2

Venus in transit

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(1) determined a value for the AU

based on

…

; (2) The parallax principle

can be extended to measure the

distances to the stars.

15

his view as clouded out at the last

moment, a very dispiriting experience

16

such transits have paved way for hwat

might prove to be one of the most vital

breakthroughs in the cosmos

17

surrounded by a thick layer of gases

17

made it impossible to obtain accurate

timings

18

finally determined a value for the AU

18

based on all these parallax

measurements

18

reasonably accurate for the time

19

timing the transit from two

widely-separated locations

19

calculating this angle would allow

astronomers to measure

…

20

the distances of the planets from the

Sun governed their orbital speeds

21

the ship

’

s pitching and rolling ruled out

any attempts at making accurate

observations

22

Halley observed a transit of the

innermost planet, Mercury

23

his view as clouded out at the last

moment, a very dispiriting experience

24

it looks smeared not circular

25

[Not mentioned]

stimuli

wide-ranging

distressing

consultation

intrusive

recognize

adversely

barrier

sustain

access

screen out

formulate

distraction

literature

isolate

take into account

penetrate

appropriate

optimum

imperative

thorough

initiative

invisible

hypothesis

embark on

echo

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examples; different ways

…

applied

prevented a transit observation

potential future discoveries

leading on from transit

observations

physical states

failed to overcome

the distance of the Sun from the

Earth

based on observations of

Venus

with a fair degree of accuracy

comparing observations of a

transit

the distance of the Sun from the

Earth could be worked out

the time

…

depends on its

distance from the Sun

unable to make any calculation

one transit of the planet Venus

managed to

appears distorted

the atmosphere ws toxic

4

26

The parallax principle can be extended

the parallax principle; how far

to measure the distances to the stars.

away distant stars are from the

Earth

polymath

Mercury

desolate island

the ultimate goal

expedition

thwarted

besiege

undaunted

smeared

diffraction of light

refract = reflect

supersede = replace

transit

passage (2)

a rare astronomical

event

inch its way over

…

govern

equator

measuring rod

allege

Venus

ironically

spectacle

schoolmistress

pind down

dispiriting

pave the way for

outperform (outweight;

scale

dog

vt.

breakthrough

outwit)

9-2-3

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently

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success

achievement

27

in an economic environment that

in competitive fields

demands

…

from competitors

28

different

distinctive

28

brains that are different in three distinct

brains function differently

ways

29

work as efficiently as possible

works efficiently

29

draw on both past experience and

…

relies on previous events

30

product of the brain

result of brain process

31

iconoclasts

iconoclastic thinker

31

do not fall into efficiency pitfalls

avoid cognitive traps

32

bombard the brain with things it has

exposure to different events

never encountered before

32

see things differently

think differently

33

have an extraordinary willingness

receptive

33

what is fresh and different

new experience

34

[Not mentioned]

35

embrace novelty

think in an iconoclastic way

35

it tends to trigger the brain

’

s fear

>< overcome fear

system

36

[Not mentioned]

37

mental disorder

psychological illness

38

rare

demanding

38

perception becomes intertwined with

requires both

…

and

…

skills

social decision making

39

groups coordinate decision making

how groups decide on an action

40

create new opportunities; a major asset

a

sset

40

in every area

in many fields

5

neuroscience

impede

curse

mental disorder

fire

perception

conjecture

variant

innovation

photon

bombard

inhabit

competitor

pitfall

novelty

coordinate

utilize

perceptual shortcut

impediment

intertwine

circuit

plague

phobia

alienation

naysayer

9-3-1

Attitudes to language

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1

they have a right to

understandable reasons

1

hold an opinion about

…

arguments

2

arguments start easily

people

…

2

linguistic education

language education

2

minor points of usage

small differences in language

use

3

judge personality

assessment of a person

’

s

intelligence

influence

affect

linguisitc factors

the way he or she uses

languages

5

these attitudes are still with us

prescripitvism still exists today

6

the impossible task

pointless

halt

stop

8

both sides

noth descriptivests and

prescriptivists

8

painting unreal pictures

misrepresented

9

adherents to this variety are said to

only one correct form

speak or write

‘

correctly

’

; deviations

from it are said to be

‘

incorrect

’

10

reliance on

place great importance on

11

Nevertheless, there is an alternative

Conversely

point of view

12

the orginal and only just standard

be based on

12

the custom of speaking

popular speech

deteriorate

with reference to

describe

systematic

encounter = face with

diversity

objective

adherent = follower

variation >> vary

linguistic

deviation = separation

halt = stop

debate = argument

approach = way

advocate

invective = verbal attacking

grammarian >> liguistist

rudiment = preliminary

polemic

争辩的

threefold = triple; >> twofold

legislation

note

vt.

codify

tenet = guiding principle

criticise

chaos = disorder; dispute;

descriptivist

exempt = avoid; save

different ideas

prescriptivist

aptitude = capacity; potential

authoritarian

valid = reliable

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