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Ⅱ
. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
To Be
Joyful, To Be Young
What really
works to make sustainable changes in diet and
lifestyle? It
’
s probably not
what you
think. In the past 30 years of
conducting clinical research, I (21)
(learn) that
real keys are
pleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of living is
sustainable; fear of dying is not.
Why? Because life is to be enjoyed.
There
’
s no point (22)
(abandon) something
you
enjoy
unless
you
get
something
back
that
’
s
even
better,
and
quickly.
When
people
eat
more
healthfully,
(23)
(quit) smoking, and manage
stress better, they find they feel so much better,
so quickly. It reconstructs the reason
for making these changes from fear of dying to joy
of living.
When
you
exercise
and
eat
right,
your
brain
receives
more
blood
flow
and
oxygen,
so
you
become
smarter,
have
more
energy,
and
need
less
sleep.
Two
studies
showed
just
walking
for
three
hours
per
week
for
only
three
months
caused
so
many
neurons(
神经细胞
)
(24)
(grow) that
it
actually
increased the size
of people
’
s brains!
Your face receives more blood flow,
so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You
look younger and
more attractive. In
contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional
stress and smoking reduce blood flow
to
your face (25)
you age more
quickly. Smoking speeds up
aging
because
nicotine
contributes
to
your
blood
vessel
becoming
narrower,
(26)
decreases blood flow to your face and makes it
wrinkle prematurely. This is
why
smokers look years older than they really are.
One of the most interesting
findings was that the
mothers
’
awareness of stress
was more important
than
(27)
was
objectively
occurring
in
their
lives.
(28)
(give)
a
questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on a
three-point scale how stressed they felt each day.
The
women
who
realized
they
were
under
heavy
stress
had
significantly
shortened
and
damaged
telom
eres(
染
色体端粒
)
compared with (29)
who felt more relaxed. Contrarily, some of the
women
who
felt
relaxed
(30)
raising
a
disabled
child
had
more
normal-
appearing
telomeres.
In other words, if you feel
stressed, you are stressed.
Section B
Directions
：
After
reading the passage below, fill in each blank with
a proper word given in the box.
Each
word can be used only once. Note that there is one
more word than you need.
A.
uprising
B. original C. frequently D. magnificent
E. feature F. luxuriously
G.
captured H.
approaches I . inhabited J. matters
K. ranks
welcome to Windsor Castle
Windsor
Castle is the oldest and largest occupied castle
in the world and the Official Residence
of the Queen of Britain. Over a period
of nearly 1,000 years it has been 31 _________
continuously, and
altered and
redecorated by monarchs(
君主
)
one after the other. Some were great builders,
strengthening
the Castle against
32_________ and rebellion; others, living in more
peaceful times, created a grand
Royal
residence. William the Conqueror chose the site,
high above the river Thames and on the edge of
a Saxon hunting ground.
It
was a day
’
s march from the
Tower of London
and intended to guard
the western
33__________ to the
capital. The outer walls fo
today
’
s structure are in the
same position as those
of the
34_________ castle built by William the Conqueror
in the 1070s. The Queen uses the Castle both
as
a
private
home,
where
she
usually
spends
the
weekend,
ans
as
a
Royal
residence
at
which
she
undertakes
certain
formal
duties.
Windsor
Castle
is
35________
used
by
the
Queen
to
host
State
Visits
from
overseas
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monarchs and
presidents. Every year the Queen takes up official
residence in Windsor Castle for a month
over Easter(March-April).
The Castle is huge, so people tend to
head for the most 36___________ bits--the State
Apartments,
ST.
George
’
s Chapel, the Gallery
and the delightful Queen
Mary
’
s Dolls House. Works of
art, antique
furniture,
curiositics
and
impressive
architecture
reflect
the
tastes
of
many
different
royal
generations.
The State
Apartments are 37_______ decorated formal rooms
still used for state and official functions.
The
magnificent
and
beautiful
St.
George
’
s
Chapel
was
started
in
1475
by
Edward
IV
and
was
completed
50 years later by Henry VIII. It
38________ among the finest examples of late
medieval architecture in
the UK.
The Drawings Gallery 39_________ the
exhibition
“
The Queen: 60
Photographs for 60 Years
”
.
The
exhibition
presents
portraits of the Queen 40________ in brief moments
on both official occasions and at relaxed
family gatherings.
Ⅲ
. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions
：
For
each blank in the following passages there are
four words or phrases marked A, B, C,
and D. Fill in each blank with the word
or phrase that best fits the context.
“
Nature and
Nurture
”
People have wondered for a long time how their
personalities and behavior are formed. However, it
is not easy to explain why one person
is intelligent and another is not, or why one is
cooperative and
another is 41 ____.
Social scientists are of course
42_________ interested in these types of
questions. They want to
explain
why we possess certain characteristics
and
exhibit certain
behavior. There are no clear answers
yet, but two43______
schools
of
thought
on
the
matter
have
developed.
As
one
might
expect,
the
two
approaches
are
very
different
from
each
other,
and
there
is
a
great
deal
of
debated
between
44________
of
each
theory.
The
controversy(
争论
)is
often conveniently referred to as
“
nature and
nurture
”
Those
who
45
________
the
“
nature
”
side
of
the
conflict
believe
that
our
personalities
and
behavior
patterns
are
46_________
determined
by
biological
factors.
That
our
environment
has
little,
if
anything,
to
do
with
our
abilities,
characteristics
and
behavior
is
47________
to
this
theory.
Taken
to
an
extreme,
this
theory
states
that
our
behavior
is
predetermined
to
such
a
great
degree
that
we
are
almost
completely
governed by our
48 ______.
Supporters of the
“
nurture
”
theory, or , as they are often called, 49
________, claim that our
environment is
more important than our biologically based
instincts in determining how we will act. A
behaviorists
’
s
view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They
state that, like machines, humans
respond to 51________
stimuli(
刺激
) as the basis of
their behavior.
Socially and
politically, the consequences of these two
theories are 52 _______. In the US, for
example, blacks often score below white
on standardized intelligence tests. This leads
some
“
nature
”
supporters to conclude that
blacks are genetically lower in status than whites
are. Behaviorists,
53________ ,say that
the differences in scores are due to the fact that
blacks are often robbed of many
of the
educational and other environmental advantages
that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they
do not develop the same 54 ________that
whites do.
Neither of these
theories can yet fully explain human behavior. As
a matter of fact, it is quite
55_______
that
the
key
to
our
behavior
lies
somewhere
between
these
two
extremes
and
that
the
controversy
will continue for a long time is
certain.
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41.
A. sensitive
B. productive C. competitive
D. aggressive
42.
A. moderately B. extremely
antly D. scarcely
43.
A. distinct
B. reliable C. relevant
D. equal
44.
A.
objectors B. operators C.
opponents D. advocates
45.
A. claim
B. support C. resolve
D. inherit
46.
A.
completely B. largely C.
thoroughly D. merely
47.
A. sensitive
B. open C. central
D. subject
48.
A.
abilities B. capacities C.
personalities D. instinct
49.
A. experts
B. scientists C. environmentalist
D. behaviorists
50.
A. shaped B. prioritized
C. oppressed D. restricted
51.
A.
environmental B. biological C.
genetic D. psychological
52.
A. temporary
B. slight C. fatal
D. far-reaching
53.
A. on the contrary B. as a whole
C. after all D. for instance
54.
A . habits
B. responses C. characteristics
D. advantages
55.
A. necessary B. impossible
C. unreasonable D. likely
Section B
Directions
：
Read
the
following
three
passages.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
several
questions
or
unfinished
statements. For each of them there are
four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one
that fits best
according to the
information given in the passage you have just
read.
（
A
）
I
’
m a
student in my fourth year of a biomedical science
degree at Robert Gordon University in
Aberdeen, but I also work 38 hours a
week at Sainsbury
’
s to make
ends meet. I do three night shifts
a
week, plus overtime if I can get it. Monday is the
most occupied day for me -- I work from 10 pm
until
8 am on Saturday and Sunday
nights, earning just over
?
100 a night, and then I
have to be at my first
lecture at 9 am
on Monday. By the time I finish lectures, at 2 pm,
I
’
m exhausted, but I know I
have
to be back at work by 10 pm.
I constantly have to force myself
to stay awake, and to be alert, whatever it takes.
A packet of
Skittles
and
a
Red
Bull
usually
helps.
The
work
I
do
at
Sainsbury
’
s
is
very
physical
like
stacking
shelves.
I
’
m
lucky
because
I
’
m
an
active
person
and
the
amount
I
lift
at
work
is
nothing
compared
with
the
weights
I lift in the gym. I
know I have the strength to bear it.
I
’
m originally from Nigeria.
I came here when I was seven, growing up in
Croydon, south London.
Money was tight.
My parents gave me everything I needed, but there
was no money to spend on luxuries.
I
worked hard at school though and, with the help of
GT Scholars, I got some of the best A-level grades
in my class.
Unfortunately,
though
I
had
applied
for
“
settled
”
British
residential
status
when
very
young,
the
Home
Office
waited until I was in sixth form to approve my
application. That meant I
wasn
’
t eligible for
a student loan. The only way I could
afford to go to university was that if I got a job
that would pay
for
all
my
living
costs
and
my
parents,
who
work
in
market
research,
paid
for
my
tuition
fees.
In
Scotland,
that
’
s about
?
7,000 a year.
I don
’
t have much time to
socialize because of my job. Ideally, I would also
like to have more
time to study so I
can excel at my course. Yes, I have a lot on my
plate, but working hard
isn
’
t new
to
me.
Growing
up,
my
parents
and
my
mentors
in
the
church
and
at
GT
Scholars
cultivated
in
me
the
importance
of
working hard for what I want in life.
My
dream
is
to
do
an
MA
in
physiotherapy
next
year
and
then
get
a
job
working
for
the
NHS.
But
right
now,
I
’
m just focused on trying
to get the best grades I can. Whenever I find life
hard, I tell myself
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