-
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编
17
(
总分：
44.00
，做题时间：
90
分钟
)
一、
简答题
(
总题数：
17
，分数：
44.00)
what way do we say English
is an inflectional language?
（厦门大学
2006
研
)
（分数：<
/p>
2.00
）
_
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
The
inflectional language is a term as opposed to the
isolated language,
in
which
the
morpheme
has
no
inflected
form;
such
as
in
Chinese,
there
are
only
isolated
characters,
which can not be
added to with an inflectional affix. English is
regarded as an inflectional
language
in
the
sense
that
the
inflectional
affixer
serves
important
grammatical
function
in
the
English
vocabulary. In English, inflectional affixes
indicating tense, numbers, case and so on
usually manifestate the grammatical
relationships between the elements of the
sentences.)
解析：
rate lexical change proper with the
latest examples in English, covering at least four
aspects.
（大连外国语学院
2
008
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
_______
__________________________________________________
_________________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
New
words
or
expressions
are
created
through
the
following
processes
excepted
compound and derivation, which are
called lexical change proper. (1)Initialism Some
new words
are composed of the first
letters of a series of words and pronounced by
saying each letter in
them. Words of
this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms.
(2)Abbreviation Many English
words have
come into being through abbreviation. This
phenomenon is also called clipping; a new
can be created by:
i.
cutting the
final
part, for
example,
ad
for
advertisement.
ii. cutting
the
initial part, for example, plane
for aeroplane. iii. cutting both the initial and
final parts
accordingly, for instance,
fridge for refrigerator. (3)Blending is a
relatively complex form of
compounding,
in which two words are blended by joining together
the initial part of the first
word
and
the
final
part
of
the
second
word,
or
by
only
joining
the
initial
parts
of
the
two
words,
for example, emotion
+ icon→emoticon; car +
hijacking→carjac
king. (4)Acronym is
made up from
the
first
letters
of
the
name
of
an
organization,
which
has
heavily
modified
headword;
an
example
is EU
for European Union. This process is also widely
used in shortening extremely long words
of word groups in science, technology
and other special fields, for example, SARS is
short for
chatting
or
e-mail
communication,
such
as
BTW
for
the
way
,
ASAP
for
soon
as
possible
解析：解析：
(
本题考查特有的词汇变化。作答时任选四个进行描述，并举例
说明。
)
ages
and
Disadvantages
of
Immediate
Constituent
Analysis(IC
Analysis)(
北京交通大学
2006
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
< br>
___________________________________
__________________________________________________
_____
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
Through
IC
analysis,
the
internal
structure
of
a
sentence
may
be
demonstrated
clearly, and if
there is any ambiguity, it could be revealed. For
example, how the sentence
Leave the
book on the shelf
are also problems in
IC analysis. First, at the beginning, some
advocators insisted on binary
divisions, that is, any construction,
at any level, will be cut into two parts. But this
is not
always possible. For example, in
the phrase
discontinuous
constituents will pose technical problems for tree
diagrams in IC a-nalysis. For
example,
in
also the most serious problem, there
are structural ambiguities which cannot be
revealed by IC
analysis, as shown in
word
解析：
rate
（大连外国语学院
2008
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
__________
__________________________________________________
______________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
The relation
between a sentence and its component elements is
generally
referred
to
as
the
relation
between
a
construction
and
its
constituents,
in
which
a
very
important
notion is immediate constituent
analysis, IC Analysis for short. The immediate
constituent
analysis
may
be
defined
as:
the
analysis
of
a
sentence
in
terms
of
its
immediate
constituents
—
word
groups(or
phrases),
which
are
in
turn
analyzed
into
the
immediate
constituents
of
their
own,
and
the process goes on
until the ultimate constituents are reached. The
immediate constituent
analysis of a
sentence may be carried out with brackets or with
a tree diagram. The criterion
for the
immediate constituent analysis is
substitutability: whether a sequence of words can
be
substituted
for
a
single
word
and
the
structure
remains
the
same.
Through
IC
analysis,
the
internal
structure
of
a
sentence
may
be demonstrated clearly,
and ambiguities
,
if
any, will
be
revealed.
For
example;
the
IC
structure
for
the
sentence
boy
ate
the
apple.
is:
1)Tree
diagram
2)Bracketing
((The)(boy))((ate)((the)(apple))))
解析：解
析：
(
本题考查直接成分分析法。作答时给出定义、作用及其表
现方法——树形图和括号，并分别
举例说明。
)
For each of the following pairs of
sentences, discuss how the two sentences are
different from
each other.
（南
京大学
2006
研
)
< br>（分数：
6.00
）
(1). carelessness I can
（分数：<
/p>
2.00
）
_
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
These
two
sentences
are
different
in
the
sense
that
the
thematic
structures
are
different.
The
theme
of
a
sentence
is
often
the
known
information,
which
the
sentence
is
mainly
about.
Sentence
A
provides
some
information
about
his
carelessness
,
since
his
carelessness
serves as the
theme. Whereas, Sentence B is a statement about
the sentence the recipient could know
some information about me.)
解析：
(2).A.A
dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was
killed with a dagger.
（分数：
2.0
0
）
______________
__________________________________________________
__________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
In
sentence
A,
dagger
serves
as
the
theme,
with
which
the
sentence
could
be
seen as an answer of
given information,
around which the sentence develops; thus, the
corresponding question of this
sentence
as an answer could be
解析：
(3).A.A hurricane killed eight
people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.
（分数：
2.00
）
__________________________________________
________________________________________________ <
/p>
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
There
are
still
differences
of
thematic
structures
between
these
two
sentences,
with the first
one about
sentence
A,
the
verb
kill
emphasizes
a
direct
relationship
between
the
hurricane
and
the
eight
people,
that is, it is the hurricane that caused the
people to die. Whereas, in sentence B, a
meaning like above is not entailed.)
解析：
be with tree
diagrams the transformations involved in forming
the question
like the book?
（
南开大学
2007
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
_________________________________________
_________________________________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
解析：
, in your view,
makes a text a text, rather than a series of
unconnected utterances? What
are the
implications of your answer for second language te
aching?(
北外
2006
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
________________________
__________________________________________________
________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
The
factor
to
distinguish
connected
texts
which
make
sense
from
those
which
do not is usually described as
coherence. Coherence is traditionally described as
the
relationships
that
link
the
ideas
in
a
text
to
create
meaning
for
the
readers,
apart
from
cohesive
devices. It should
be noticed that cohesion by itself would not be
sufficient to enable us to
make sense
of what read or hear; it is quite easy to create a
highly cohesive text which has a
lot
of
connections
between
the
sentences,
but
which
remains
difficult
to
interpret.
And
coherence,
as the invisible
net of a text, performs a function of
interpretable
to
people.
Regarding
the
importance
of
coherence
to
a
whole
text,
it
seems
necessary
for a teacher of SFL to help students
develop coherence in writing. Research has found
that in
their writing, ESL/EFL students
focus almost exclusively on the word and sentence
levels rather
than
the
level
of
the
whole
discourse,
that
is,
textual
coherence.
A
pedagogical
focus
on
coherence
can
shift students
structuring and
propositional unity, which are crucial to creating
meaning in texts. Indeed,
helping
students improve the coherence of their writing
ought to be a significant aspect of L2
writing
instruction.
To
help
students
focus
on
coherence
in
writing,
it
is
essential
that
teachers
have
a
thorough
understanding
of
what makes
a text
coherent. As is
shown in the
composition
text
books, it
seems common to regard coherence simply as
connectedness between sentences, use of
explicit
cohesive
devices
at
the
paragraph
level,
and
use
of
connective
devices
such
as
pronouns,
repetitive structures, and transitional
markers. However, coherence should not be narrowed
in
terms of sentence-level
connectedness and paragraph unity rather than
discourse unity. Thus, to
help
students
create
coherence
in
their
writing,
it
is
necessary
for
teachers
to
pay
more
attention
in
the broader sense of coherence.)
解析：
The English
sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are
required to give the syntactic
explanation to the ungrammaticality in
each of the sentences.
（南开大学
2
011
研
)
（分数：
< br>6.00
）
(1).*
Jack put his ball.
（分数：
2.00
）
_________________
__________________________________________________
_______________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
*
Jack
put
his
ball.
Because
of
the
word
,
the
sentence
lacks
a
complement,
which should be
a PP. Therefore, it should be
解析：
(2).* I
wonder Michael walked the dog.
（分数：
2.00
）
_____
__________________________________________________
___________________________________
正确答
案：
(
正确答案：
(2)* I
wonder Michael walked the dog. The sentence is
ungrammatical, for
what
follows
the
word
should
be
a
clause.
The
correct
form
is
wonder
if
Michael
walked
the dog.
解析：
(3).* Frank thinks himself is a superst
ar.
（分数：
2.00
）
)
___________________
__________________________________________________
_____________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
* Frank thinks himself
is a superstar. In English, the pattern of the
word
thinks himself as a
superstar.
解析：
are the similarities and differences between a
phrase and a clause?
（中山大学
201
1
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
_________
__________________________________________________
_______________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
Phrase
and
clause
are
both
grammatical
units
contained
in
the
set
of
layers
in
the
grammar
of
a
language,
as
following:
morpheme,
word,
phrase,
clause,
clause
complex.
They
are
attached to the sentences. For example, the
tallest girl(nominal phrase), Having finished
their task , they came to help
us.(clause) Phrase is a single element of
structure containing
more
than
one
word,
and
lacking
the
subject-predicate
structure
typical
of
clauses.
Traditionally,
it is seen as part of a structural
hierarchy , positioned between clause and word.
While clause
is a constituent with its
own subject and predicate, and it is included in a
larger sentence.
First, a phrase must
be a group of words which form a constituent.
Second, a phrase is lower on
the
grammatical
hierarchy
than
clauses.
More
precisely,
simple
clauses
may(and
usually
do)contain
phrases, but
simple phrases do not(in general)contain clauses.)
解析：解析：（考查短语与从句的异同，要分别分析其定义并举例。
)
n the seven types of meaning and
use examples to illustrate your ideas.
（
人大
2007
研；
南开大学
2004
研
)
（分数：
2.00
）
__________________________________________________
________________________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
The
seven types of meaning were first postulated by G.
Leech. They are
respectively
illustrated
as
follows:
(1)Conceptual
meaning,
which
refers
to
logical,
cognitive,
or denotative content. This type of
meaning is
relationship
between
a
word
and
the
thing
it
denotes,
or
refers
to.
(2)Connotative
meaning,
what
is communicated by
virtue of what language refers to. It refers to
some additional, especially
emotive,
meaning.
(3)Social
meaning,
referring
to
what
is
communicated
of
the
social
circumstances
of language
use. (4)Affective meaning, which refers to what is
communicated of the feelings and
attitudes of the speaker/writer.
(5)Reflected meaning, which refers to what is
communicated
through association with
another sense of the same expression.
(6)Collocative meaning, what is
communicated through association with
words which tend to occur in the environment of
another
word. The five types of
meanings from(2)to(6)are collectively known as
associative meaning in
the sense that
an elementary associationist theory of mental
connections is enough to explain
their
use.
(7)Thematic
meaning,
what
is
communicated
by
the
way
in
which
the
message
is
organized
in
terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral
since it is only determined by the order
of the words in a sentence and the
different prominence they each receive.)
解析：
s
sense, denotation
and
reference, using
Chinese
examples
to
illustrate your
points.(
北
外
2008
研
)
（分数：
2.
00
）
_____________
__________________________________________________
___________________________
正确答案：
(
正确答案：
Sense
is
concerned
with
the
inherent
meaning
of
the
linguistic
expression.
It is the collection of all the
features of the linguistic form; it is abstract
and
de-contextualized.
It
is
the
aspect
of
meaning
dictionary
compilers
are
interested
in.
For
example,
the word
哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐，
善
于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬
does
not
refer to
any particular
dog that
exists in
the real world,
but applies to any animal that meets the features
described in the definition.