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什么是主谓一致
什么是主谓一致?
主谓一致是一个语
法范畴,从广义上讲,可以把一致性解释为两个语法成分之
间
的关系,
如果一种成分有某一种特征
(如复数)
,
则另一成分也必须具有这种特
征,
即词语之间在人
称、数、格、性等方面的一致。英语中
,一致性最重要的类型是
主语和动词数的一致。通
常遵循三个原则,即就近原则、语法形式一致原则和概念
一致(语言内容上一致)原则。
下面细说一下主谓一致三个原则!
一、就近原则
谓语动词的单、复数形
式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形
式,这
种一
致关系所依据的原则就叫就近原则。
如:
1.
名(代)词
+ or +
名(代)词
”
结构后的动词一般应
与
or
后的名(代)词一
致。
如:
He or his brothers were to blame.
His brothers or he was to blame.
...or
结构后的动词应与
or
后的名(代)词一致。
如:
Either the
shirts or the sweater is a good buy.
Either the sweater or the shirts are a
good buy.
r...nor...
结构后的动词应与
nor
后的名(代)词一致。
如:
Neither you nor your brother is in
fault. Neither your brother nor you are in fault.
My friends and I would like to go to
the conceit
,
but neither of
us has got a ticket.
only
but also
结构后的动詞应与
also
< br>后的名(代)词一致。
如:
Not only the students but also their
teacher is enjoying the film.
be
句型也用就近原则。
如:
(1)There is a
pen and two books on the table.
(2)There are two books and a pen on the
table.
6.
当句子的主语是
one
,并要在句子中多次出现时,一般用第三人称单数代词<
/p>
来代替后面
将出现的
< br>one
或
one
当
one
在句子中泛指人时,在反意疑问句中也
p>
可用
you
来代替。
如:
One should
never blame his friends even his friends committed
some careless mistakes.
当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要老指责朋友的过失。
One
can
,
t be too
careful
,
can you (one)?
一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过。
二、语法形式一致原则
主语和谓语动
词之间的一致关系主要表现在数的形式上,即用作主语的名
词
词组中心词和
谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。如果名词中心词是复数,动词
就该用复数形式;如果
名词中心词不是复数,
而是单数名词或不可数名词,动词便
用单数形式。这种一致关
系就
叫语法一致原则。如:
1.
由
as
well as
,
with
,
along with
,
like
,
together
with
,
rather than
,
except
,
but
,
including
,<
/p>
accompanied by
,
plu
s
,
besides> in addition
to
,
no less than
等弓丨起的结构
跟在主语后面,
p>
不能看做是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,
主语如是单数,其谓语
动词仍然用单数形式。
< br>
如:
My
mother
,
as well as my father
has a key to the office.
我的妈妈和爸爸一样都有办公室的钥匙。
The reading course
book
,
plus its reference
books
,
is helpful to college
students.
教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。
The man together with his
wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.
那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。
2.
有些代词只能指单数可数名词,
当它们在句子中作主语时,尽管在意义上是
多数,谓语
动词仍要用单数形式。
这类代词有
either
,
neither
,
ea
ch
,
one
,
the other
,
another^ somebody
,
someone
,
something
,
anyone
,
anything
,
anybody
,
< br>everyone
,
everything
,
everybody
,
n
o one
,
nothing
,
nobody
等。
如:
Neither likes the friends of the
other.
两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。
Everything around us is
matter.
我们周围的所有东西都是物质。
【注】
在
neither
of
与
either of
的结构里,
一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单
数
形式也可用
复数形式,但在美国的
TOEFL
< br>考试内要求用单数形式。如:
Neither of them was in good health ,
but both worked very hard.
他们身体都不好,但两人工作都很努力。
Has either of them been
seen recently?
最近见过他们吗?
3.
当
an
d
连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,
and
后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词应
该用单数形式;在
and
后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数
形式。
如:
The bread and butter is served for
breakfast.
早饭供应黄油面包。
The bread and the butter are on
sale.
正在出售黄油和面包。
4.
当
one
of
,
a portion
of
,
a series
of
,
a species
of
,
a chain of
结构作
主语时,谓语动词要用
单数形式。
如:
One of those
students has passed the examination.
这些学生有一个考试及格了。
A series of pre - recorded tapes has
been prepared for language laboratory use.
为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。
5.
由
one and a half
+
复数名词或
the majority of
+
名词作主语时,
谓语动词视
名词的单复数形
式而定。如:
One and a half apples are left on the
plate.
盘子里只剩下一个半苹果了。
The majority of the damage
is easy to repair.
大部分的损坏品都容易修理。
6.a( one)
+
单数名词
+ or two
”
作主语,谓语动词用单数;但
one or
two +
复
数名词作
主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:
A day or two
has passed.
One or two clays have
passed.
7.
单数形式名词与动词的一致
(1) and
所连接的两个名词前分别有:
every
,
each
,
no
,
many a
,
more than one
(
或
more than
one
+
单数名词)等修饰时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
如:
Every boy and
every girl enjoys themselves in the school.
在学校,每一个男孩和女孩都玩得挺开心。
由
many a
+
单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:
Many a boy
learns to swim before he can read.
许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。
【注】
many
a
的意思是许多,
more than one
的意思是
“
不止一个,从意义上,它们<
/p>
表示复数,但用作主语时,谓语却习惯上用单数。
如:
More than one
student has passed the examination.
不止一个学生通过了这次考试。
(2) and
连接的两个成对的名詞,
如
fork and knife bread and butter
soda and water
;
coffee
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