考研英语一真题及答案优选稿

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Section

Ⅰ

Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered

blank and mark A

，

B

，

C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the

young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, _1_

those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can

__2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his parents to 3 the

marriage negotiations, or the young man'sparents may make the choice

of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a

girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5aspouse has been

selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child

is marrying 6 a good family.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly

it lasted three days, _ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a

day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _ 8 _

prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony the bride

’

s and groom

’

s

wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily in with the

wife

’

s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they

can build a new house nearby.

Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced

persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains 16

property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired

property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a

gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn

’

t have a

waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten

months.

1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to

2.[A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on

3.[A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone

4.[A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example

5.[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless

6.[A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through

7.[A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so

8.[A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create

9.[A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying

10.[A]passing [B]lighting[C]hiding [D]serving

11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union

12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live

13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for

14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid

15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed

16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever

17.[A]changed[B]brought [C]shaped[D]pushed

18.[A]withdrawn[B]in vested[C]donated[D]divided

19.[A]breaks[B]warms[C]shows[D]clears

20.[A]so[B]while[C]once[D]inthat

Text 1

France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,

has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to

define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary

approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ

ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban

websites that

“

incite excessive thinness

”

by promoting extreme

dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest

beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on

health. That

’

s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to

go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as

some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take

responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage

girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine

their individual worth.

The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men)

that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And

perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible

qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way

to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment

to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-

showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a

government-defined index of body mass could result in a $$85,000 fine

and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in

focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark,

the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set

voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on

peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France

’

s actions, Denmark

’

s fashion industry

agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health,

and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish

Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:

“

We are aware of and take

responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body

ideals, especially on young people.

”

The charter

’

s main tool of

enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to

Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion

Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of

compliance.

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the

misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to

help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a

particular industry.

21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?

[A]New runways would be constructed.

[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.

[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.

[D]The fashion industry would decline.

22. The phrase

“

impinging on

”

(Line2, Para.2) is closest in

meaning to

[A]heightening the value of.

[B]indicating the state of.

[C]losing faith in.

[D]doing harm to.

23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.

[B]The French measures have already failed.

[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.

[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.

24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.

[B]caring too much about models

’

character.

[C]showing little concern for health factors.

[D]setting a high age threshold for models.

25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

[A]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry

’

s Body Ideals

[B]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France

[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty

[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in

the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls

show Britons rate

“

the countryside

”

alongside the royal family,

Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them

proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to

rescue stylish houses but to save

“

the beauty of natural places for

everyone forever.

”

It was specifically to provide city dwellers

with spaces for leisure where they could experience

“

a refreshing

air.

”

Hill

’

s pressures later led to the creation of national parks

and green belts. They don

’

t make countryside any more, and every

year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse

this sentiment. The Conservatives

’

planning reform explicitly gives

rural development priority over conservation, even autho rizing

“

off-

plan

”

building where local people might object. The concept of

sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour

likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose

development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing

its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered

approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England

struck terror into many local Conservative parties.

The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is

where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in

place. The London agents StirlingAckroyd recently identified enough

sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no

intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the

provinces.

The idea that

“

housing crisis

”

equals

“

concreted meadows

”

is

pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as

always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne

favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He

favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not

a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown

and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their

edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban

conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?

Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands,

Britain is Europe

’

s most crowded country. Half a century of town

and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural

coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is

no doubt of the alternative

—

the corrupted landscapes of southern

Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it

should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26. Britain

’

s public sentiment about the countryside____

[A]didn

’

tstart till the Shakespearean age.

[B]has brought much benefit to the NHS.

[C]is fully backed by the royal family.

[D]is not well reflected in politics.

27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust

are now being____

[A]gradually destroyed.

[B]effectively reinforced.

[C]largely overshadowed.

[D]properly protected.

28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.

[B]The Conservatives may abandon

“

off- plan

”

building.

[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

[D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

29. The author holds that George Osborne

’

s preference____

[A]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of____

[A]the size of population in Britain.

[B]the political life in today

’

s Britain.

[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

[D]the town-and-country planning in Britain.

Text 3

“

There is one and only one social responsibility of business,

”

wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist

“

That is, to

use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its

profits.

”

But even if you accept Fiedman

’

s premise and regard

corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of

shareholders money,things may not be absolutely

research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies

–

at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more

than $$15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a

consulting firm ,This could add value to their businesses in three

, consumers may take CSR spending as a

“

signal

”

that a

company

’

s products are of high , customers may be

willing to buy a company

’

s products as an indirect way to donate to

the good causes is helps. And third, through a more diffuse

“

halo

effect,

”

whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from

consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these

effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent

study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions

under America

’

s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues

that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part

of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo

effect.

The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the

most comprehensiveCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties.

Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms'

political influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for

the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns

did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only

evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a

company

’

s record in CSR.

substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or

increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that

generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing

foreign officials,

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question

of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how

much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other

possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But

at least have demonstrated that whencompanies get into trouble with

the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly

punishment.

31.

The author views Milton Friedman

’

s statement about CSR with

[A] tolerance

[B] skepticism

[C] uncertainty

[D]approval

32.

AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompany

33.

[Alwinningtrustfromconsumers.

34.

[B] guardingitagainstmalpractices.

35.

[C] protectingitfrombeingdefamed.

36.

[D] raisingthequalityofitsproducts.

37.

ression

38.

[Almoreeffective.

39.

[B] lesscontroversial.

40.

[C] lesssevere.

41.

[D] morelasting.

42.

34. Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSRrecord

43.

[Alhasanimpactontheirdecision.

44.

[B] comesacrossasreliableevidence.

45.

[C]increasest hechanceofbeingpenalized.

[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.

35. WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothe last paragraph

[AlItsnegativeeffectsonbusin essesareoftenoverlooked.

[B]Thenecessar yamountofcompanies'spendingonitisunknown.

[C]Companies' financial capacityforithasbeenoverestimated.

[D]Ithasbrought muchbenefittothebankingindustry.

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases

to publish stories on newsprint .Exactly when that day will be is a

matter of debate.

“

Sometime in the future

“

the paper

’

s publisher

said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages

aside ,there

’

s plenty of incentive to ditch print .The

infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers -printing

presses .delivery truck -isn

’

t just expensive ;it

’

s excessive at a

time when online-only competition don

’

t have the same set financial

constraints . Readers are migrating away from print away,And

although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile

counterparts revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rushing to

eliminate its print editor would be a mistake ,says BuzzFeed CEO

Jonah Peretti.

Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print

business, only if they go about doing it the right away

“

Figuring

out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them