博森课后答疑阅读讲义

In a 1984 book, Claire C.

Robertson argued that,

before colonialism, age was

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a more important indicator

(5)

of status and authority than

gender in Ghana and in

Africa generally.

British

colonialism imposed

European-style male-

(10)

dominant notions upon

more egalitarian local

situations to the detriment

of women generally, and

gender became a defining

(15)

characteristic that weak-

ened women’s power and

authority.

Subsequent research in

Kenya convinced Robertson

(20)

that she had overgeneralized

about Africa. Before colo-

nialism, gender was more

salient in central Kenya than

it was in Ghana, although age

(25)

was still crucial in determin-

ing authority.

In contrast with

Ghana, where women had

traded for hundreds of years

and achieved legal majority

(30)

(not unrelated phenomena),

the evidence regarding

central Kenya indicated that

women were legal minors

and were sometimes treated

(35)

as male property, as were

European women at that

time. Factors like strong

patrilinearity and patrilocality,

as well as women’s inferior

(40)

land rights and lesser

involvement in trade, made

women more dependent on

men than was generally the

case in Ghana.

However,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(45)

since age apparently

remained the overriding

principle of social organiza-

tion in central Kenya, some

senior women had much

(50)

authority.

Thus, Robertson

revised her hypothesis

somewhat, arguing that

in determining authority in

precolonial

Africa age was a

(55)

primary principle that super-

seded gender to varying

degrees depending on the

situation.

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Q3:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

present evidence undermining a certain hypothesis

describe a particular position and its subsequent modification

discuss two contrasting viewpoints regarding a particular issue

describe how a social phenomenon varied by region

evaluate an assumption widely held by scholars

Acting on the recommen-

dation of a British government

committee investigating the

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high incidence in white lead

(5)

factories of illness among

employees, most of whom

were women, the Home Sec-

retary proposed in 1895 that

Parliament enact legislation

(10)

that would prohibit women from

holding most jobs in white lead

factories. Although the

Women’s Industrial Defence

Committee (WIDC), formed

(15)

in 1892 in response to earlier

legislative attempts to restrict

women’s labor, did not dis

-

count the white lead trade’s

potential health dangers, it

(20)

opposed the proposal, view-

1.

2.

3.

4.

ing it as yet another instance

of limiting women’s work

opportunities.

Also opposing

the proposal was the Society

(25)

for Promoting the Employment

of Women (SPEW), which

attempted to challenge it by

investigating the causes of ill-

ness in white lead factories.

(30)

SPEW contended, and WIDC

concurred, that controllable

conditions in such factories

were responsible for the devel-

opment of lead poisoning.

(35)

SPEW provided convincing

evidence that lead poisoning

could be avoided if workers

were careful and clean and

if already extant workplace

(40)

safety regulations were

stringently enforced.

How-

ever, the Women’s Trade

Union League (WTUL), which

had ceased in the late 1880’s

(45)

to oppose restrictions on

women’s labor, supported the

eventually enacted proposal,

in part because safety regu-

lations were generally not

(50)

being enforced in white lead

factories, where there were no

unions (and little prospect of

any) to pressure employers to

comply with safety regulations

.

< br>----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

Q20:

The passage is primarily concerned with

presenting various groups’ views of the motives of those proposing certain legislation

contrasting the reasoning of various groups concerning their positions on certain

proposed legislation

tracing the process whereby certain proposed legislation was eventually enacted

assessing the success of tactics adopted by various groups with respect to certain

proposed legislation

5.

evaluating the arguments of various groups concerning certain proposed

legislation

Manufacturing site location is an important consideration in determining the optimal

deployment of a firm’sproduction resources, but one that is usually given only limit

ed

attention.

Most pre-

1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology (IT)—

defined

as any form of computer-based information system

—

focused on spectacular IT

successes and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource

for

creating competitive advantage.

But toward the end of the 1980’s, some economists

spoke of a “productivity paradox”:

despite huge IT investments, most notably in the

service sectors, productivity stagnated.

The idea that equipping homes with electrical appliances

and other

“modern”household technologies

would eliminate drudgery, save labor

time,

and increase leisure for women

who were full-time home workersremained largely

unchallenged until

the women’s movement of the 1970’s

spawned the groundbreaking

andinfluential works of sociologist Joann

Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan.

In recent years, Western

business managers have been heeding the exhortations of

business journalists and academics

to move their companies toward

long-term,

collaborative “st

rategic

partnerships” with their external

business partners (e.g.,

suppliers).

Until recently, zoologists believed that

all species of phocids (true seals), a pin-

niped family, use a different maternal

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strategy than do otariids (fur seals and

(5)

sea lions), another pinniped family.

Mother

otariids use a foraging strategy. They

acquire moderate energy stores in the

form of blubber before arriving at breeding

sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after

(10)

birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation

(milk production) period, which lasts from

4 months to 3 years depending on the

species, mother otariids alternately for-

age at sea, where they replenish their fat

(15)

stores, and nurse their young at breed-

ing sites. Zoologists had assumed that

females of all phocid species, by contrast,

use a fasting strategy in which mother

phocids, having accumulated large energy

(20)

stores before they arrive at breeding sites,

fast throughout the entire lactation period,

which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on

the species.

However, recent studies on

harbor seals, a phocid species, found that

(25)

lactating females commenced foraging

approximately 6 days after giving birth and

on average made 7 foraging trips during

the remain

der of their 24-day lactation

period.

(30)

The maternal strategy evolved by

harbor seals may have to do with their

small size and the large proportion of their

fat stores depleted in lactation.

Harbor

seals are small compared with other phocid

(35)

species such as grey seals, northern ele-

phant seals, and hooded seals, all of which

are known to fast for the entire lactation

period. Studies show that mother seals of

these species use respectively 84 percent,

(40)

58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat

stores during lactation.

By comparison,

harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat

stores in just the first 19 days of lactation,

even though they occasionally feed during

(45)

this period.

Since such a large proportion

of their fat stores is exhausted despite

feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot

support all of lactation using only energy

stored before giving birth.

Though smaller

(50)

than many other phocids, harbor seals are

similar in size to most otariids.

In addition,

there is already some evidence suggesting

that the ringed seal, a phocid species that

is similar in size to the harbor seal, may

also use a maternal foraging strategy

.

Q34:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1.

present evidence that several phocid species use the maternal fasting strategy

2.

explain why the maternal strategy typically used by phocids is different from the

maternal strategy used by otariids

3.

argue that zoologists’ current

understanding of harbor seals’ maternal strategy is

incorrect

4.

describe an unexpected behavior observed in harbor seals and propose an

explanation that may account for that behavior

5.

describe evidence concerning the maternal strategy of the harbor seal and suggest that

the harbor seal belongs to the otariid rather than to the phocid family

Recent feminist scholarship con-

cerning the United States in the 1920’s

challenges earlier interpretations that

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assessed the twenties in terms of the

(5)

unkept “promises” of the women’s

suffrage movement.

This new scholar-

ship disputes the long-held view that

because a women’s voting bloc did not

materialize after women gained the right

(10)

to vote in 1920, suffrage failed to

produce long-term political gains for

women. These feminist scholars also

challenge the old view that pronounced

suffrage a failure for not delivering on

(15)

the promise that the women’s vote

would bring about moral, corruption-

free governance. Asked whether

women’s suffrage was a failure, these

scholars cite the words of turn-of-the-

(20)

century social reformer Jane Addams,

“Why don’t you ask if suffrage in

general is failing?”

In some ways, however, these

scholars still present the 1920’s as a

(25)

period of decline.

After suffrage, they

argue, the feminist movement lost its

cohesiveness, and gender conscious-

ness waned. After the mid-

1920’s, few

successes could be claimed by fem-

(30)

inist reformers: little could be seen in

the way of legislative victories.

During this decade, however, there

was intense activism aimed at achiev-

ing increased autonomy for women,

(35)

broadening the spheres within which

they lived their daily lives.

Women’s

organizations worked to establish

opportunities for women: they strove to

secure for women the full entitlements