-
2011
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
(
英语二
)
试题
Section I
Use of
English
Directions
：
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered black and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
The
Internet
affords
anonymity
to
its
users,
a
blessing
to
privacy
and
freedom
of
speech.
But
that
very
anonymity
is
also
behind
the
explosion
of
cyber-crime
that
has
1
across
the Web.
Can privacy be preserved
2
bringing
safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly
3
?
Last month,
Howard Schmidt, the na
tion’s
cyber
-czar, offered the federal
government a
4
to make the Web a safer place-
a
“voluntary trusted identity”
system
that
would
be
the
high-tech
5
of
a
physical
key,
a
fingerprint
and
a
photo
ID card, all rolled
6
one. The system might
use a smart identity card, or a
digital
credential
7
to a specific
computer .and would authenticate users at
a range of online services.
The idea is to
8
a federation of private online
identity systems. User
could
9
which system to join,
and only registered users whose identities have
been authenticated could navigate those
systems. The approach contrasts with one
that would require an Internet driver’s
license
10
by the
government.
Google
and
Microsoft
are
among
companies
that
already
have
these
“
single
sign-on
”
systems
that
make
it
possible
for
users
to
11
just
once
but
use
many
different
services.
12
.the
approach would create a “walled garden” n
cyberspace, with safe
“neighborhoods”
and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of
a
13
community.
Mr. Schmidt
described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which
“individuals
and organizations can
complete online transactions with
14
,trusting the
identities
of
each
other
and
the
identities
of
the
infrastructure
15
which
the
transaction runs”.
S
till, the administration’s
plan has
16
privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are
concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
an initiative push toward what would
17
be a
compulsory Internet “drive’s
license”
mentality.
The plan has also
been greeted with
18
by
some computer security experts,
who
worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by
Mr. Schmidt would still
leave much of
the Internet
19
.They
argue that all Internet users should
be
20
to register and
identify themselves, in the same way that drivers
must
be licensed to drive on public
roads.
1
．
2
．
3
．
ss
4
．
6
．
7
．
8
．
s
9
．
10
．
ed
11
．
on
12
．
vain
13
．
d
14
．
n
15
．
16
．
d
17
．
stly
18
．
cism
19
．
able
20
．
d
d
s
er
ed
er
t
on
effect
ized
t
ess
mise
d
buted
in
return
ng
ence
ss
al
ed
e
e
red
in
contrast
ing
ce
ally
iasm
ble
5
．
ation
erence
ainment
lent
ointed
ted
ntally
onally
nce
able
ted
erence
able
d
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
after
each
text
by
choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(40points)
Text
1
Ruth Simmons joined
Goldman Sachs
’s board as an outside
director in January
2000: a year later
she became president of Brown University. For the
rest of the
decade
she
apparently
managed
both
roles
without
attracting
much
eroticism.
But
by
the
end
of
2009
Ms.
Simmons
was
under
fire
for
ha
ving
sat
on
Goldman’s
compensation
committee;
how
could
she
have
let
those
enormous
bonus
payouts
pass
unremarked?
By
February
the
next
year
Ms.
Simmons
had
left
the
board.
The
position
was
just
taking
up too much time, she
said.
Outside directors are supposed to
serve
as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers
on
a
firm’s
board.
Having
made
their
wealth
and
their
reputations
elsewhere,
they
presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chief
executive’s
proposals.
If
the sky, and the share
price is
falling,
outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having
weathered their own crises.
The
researchers from Ohio University used a database
hat covered more than
10,000 firms and
more than 64,000 different directors between 1989
and 2004. Then
they simply checked
which directors stayed from one proxy statement to
the next.
The
most
likely
reason
for
departing
a
board
was
age,
so
the
researchers
concentrated
on those
“surprise” disappearances by directors under the
age of 70. They fount
that
after
a
surprise
departure,
the
probability
that
the
company
will
subsequently
have to
restate earnings increased by nearly
20%. The likelihood
of being named
in
a federal class-action
lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to
perform
worse. The effect tended to be
larger for larger firms. Although a correlation
between them leaving and subsequent bad
performance at the firm is suggestive, it
does
not
mean
that
such
directors
are
always
jumping
off
a
sinking
ship.
Often
they
“trade up.” Leaving riski
er,
smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that
outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if
they leave a firm before bad news breaks,
even
if
a
review
of
history
shows
they
were
on
the
board
at
the
time
any
wrongdoing
occurred. Firms who want to keep their
outside directors through tough times may
have to create incentives. Otherwise
outside directors will follow the example of
Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on
campus.
21.
According
to
Paragraph
1,
Ms.
Simmons
was
criticized
for
.
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
outside directors are supposed to
be
.
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23.
According to the researchers from Ohio University
after an outside
director’s surprise
departure, the firm is likely to
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside
directors
.
[A]may stay for the attractive offers
from the firm
[B]have often had records
of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are
accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
firm
25. The author’s attitude toward
the role of outside directors
is
.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text
2
Whatever happened to the death of
newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.
The
recession
threatened
to
remove
the
advertising
and
readers
that
had
not
already
fled
to
the
internet.
Newspapers
like
the
San
Francisco
Chronicle
were
chronicling
their
ow
n
doom.
America’s
Federal
Trade
commission
launched
a
round
of
talks
about
how
to
save
newspapers.
Should
they
become
charitable
corporations?
Should
the
state
subsidize them ? It will hold another
meeting soon. But the discussions now seem
out of date.
In much of the
world there is the sign of crisis. German and
Brazilian papers
have shrugged off the
recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit
the most
troubled come of
the global industry, have not only
survived but
often returned to
profit. Not the 20% profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit
all the same.
It has not
been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by
pushing journalists
overboard. The
American Society of News Editors reckons that
13,500 newsroom jobs
have
gone
since
2007.
Readers
are
paying
more
for
slimmer
products.
Some
papers
even
had the nerve to refuse delivery to
distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures
have proved the right ones and, sadly
for many journalists, they can be pushed
further.
Newspapers are
becoming more balanced businesses, with a
healthier mix of
revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American
papers
have
long
been
highly
unusual
in
their
reliance
on
ads.
Fully
87%
of
their
revenues
came
from
advertising
in
2008,
according to the
Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In
Japan the
proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more
stable.
The whirlwind that swept through
newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the
damage has been concentrated in areas
where newspaper are least distinctive. Car
and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign
bureaus have been savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less complete as a result. But
completeness is no longer a virtue in
the newspaper business.
26. By saying
“Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines
3
-4, Para. 1), the
author
indicates that newspaper
.
[A]neglected the sign of
crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably
because
.
[A]readers
threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers
wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists
reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer
products
28. Compared with their
American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are
much
more stable because they
.
[A]have more
sources of revenue
[B]have more
balanced newsrooms
[C]are less
dependent on advertising
[D]are less
affected by readership
29. What can be
inferred from the last paragraph about the current
newspaper
business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness
is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers
have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be
.
[A]American Newspapers:
Struggling for Survival
[B]American
Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A
Hopeless Story
Text
3
We tend to think of the
decades immediately following World War II as a
time
of prosperity and growth, with
soldiers returning home by the millions, going off
to college on the G. I. Bill and lining
up at the marriage bureaus.
But when
it came to their houses, it was a time of common
sense and a belief
that less could
truly be more. During the Depression and the war,
Americans had
learned to live with
less, and that restraint, in combination with the
postwar
confidence in the future, made
small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition
was only
a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.
The
phrase
“less
is
more”
was
actually
first
popularized
by
a
German,
the
architect
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe,
who
like
other
people
associated
with
the
Bauhaus,
a
school
of design, emigrated
to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American
architecture schools. These designers came to
exert enormous influence on the course
of American architecture, but none more so
that Mies.
Mies’s signature
phrase means that less decoration, properly
organized, has
more impact
that
a lot.
Elegance, he believed, did not derive
from abundance. Like
other
modern
architects,
he
employed
metal,
glass
and
laminated
wood-materials
that
we take for granted
today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.
Mies’s
sophisticated presentation
masked the fact that the spaces he designed were
small
and efficient, rather than big
and often empty.
Th
e
apartments
in
the
elegant
towers
Mies
built
on
Chicago’s
Lake
Shore
Drive,
for
example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under
1,000 square feet-than those in
their
older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But
they were popular because
of
their
airy
gl
ass
walls,
the
views
they
afforded
and
the
elegance
of
the
buildings’
details
and
proportions,
the
architectural
equivalent
of
the
abstract
art
so
popular
at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not
entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd
Wright
started
building
more
modest
and
efficient
houses-usually
around
1,200
square
feet-than the
spreading two-story ones he had designed in the
1890s and the early
20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned
from talented modern architects by
California Arts & Architecture magazine
between 1945 and 1962 were yet another
homegrown influence on the “less is
more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape, new materials and forthright
detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph
everyday
life
-
few
American
families
acquired
helicopters,
though
most
eventually
got clothes dryers - but his belief
that self-sufficiency was both desirable and
inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style
largely reflected the
Americans’
.
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be
inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was
affected by World War II.
[C]Most
American architects used to be associated with it.