#2018全国研究生入学考试英语二试题和标准答案

2018

全国研究生入学考试英语

(

>

试题和标准答案

Section I

Use of English

Directions

：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s> for each numbered black

and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>

mrT0Aiat3o

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of

speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that

has

1

across the Web.

mrT0Aiat3o

Can privacy be preserved

2

bringing safety and security to a world that seems

increasingly

3

?

mrT0Aiat3o

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber

-czar, offered the federal

government a

4

to make the Web a safer place-

a “voluntary trusted identity” system

that would be the high-tech

5

of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card,

all rolled

6

one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital

credential

7

to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of

online services.

mrT0Aiat3o

The idea is to

8

a federation of private online identity systems. User

could

9

which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been

authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would

require an Internet driver’s license

10

by the government.

mrT0Aiat3o

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these

“

single sign- on

”

systems that make it possible for users to

11

just once but use many different

services.

mrT0Aiat3o

12

.the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe

“neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of

a

13

community.

mrT0Aiat3o

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and

organizations can complete online transactions with

14

,trusting the identities of

each other and the identities of the infrastructure

15

which the transaction

runs”.

mrT0Aiat3o

Still, the administration’s plan has

16

privacy rights activists. Some applaud

the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative

push toward what would

17

be

a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”

mentality.

mrT0Aiat3o

The plan has also been greeted with

18

by some computer security experts, who

worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much

of the Internet

19

.They argue that all Internet users should be

20

to register and

identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public

roads.

mrT0Aiat3o

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Section II

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by

choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points>

mrT0Aiat3o

Text

1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in

January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of

the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by

the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation

committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By

February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up

too much time, she said.

mrT0Aiat3o

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,

advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsew

here,

they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s

proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able

to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

mrT0Aiat3o

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more

than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then

they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The

most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on

those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that

after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to

restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal

class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The

effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them

leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that

such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving

riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

mrT0Aiat3o

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time

of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,

even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing

occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have

to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.

Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

mrT0Aiat3o

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to

be

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s

surprise departure, the firm is likely to

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside

directors

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

mrT0Aiat3o

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

mrT0Aiat3o

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors

is

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text

2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed

near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not

already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were

chronicling their own

doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of

talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should

the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now

seem out of date.

mrT0Aiat3o

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian

papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the

most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to

profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all

the same.

mrT0Aiat3o

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing

journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500

newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some

papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate

measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed

further.

mrT0Aiat3o

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix

of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual

in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,

according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD>. In Japan

the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more

stable.

mrT0Aiat3o

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of

the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car

and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign

bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But

completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

mrT0Aiat3o

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3

-4, Para. 1>, the author

indicates that newspaper

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably

because

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable

because they

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

mrT0Aiat3o

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

mrT0Aiat3o

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

mrT0Aiat3o

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

mrT0Aiat3o

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text

2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed

near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not

already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were

chronicling their own doom. America’s Federa

l Trade commission launched a round of

talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should

the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now

seem out of date.

mrT0Aiat3o

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian

papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the

most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to

profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all

the same.

mrT0Aiat3o

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing

journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500

newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some

papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate

measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed

further.

mrT0Aiat3o

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix

of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual

in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,

according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD>. In Japan

the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more

stable.

mrT0Aiat3o

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of

the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car

and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign

bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But

completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

mrT0Aiat3o

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3

-4, Para. 1>, the author

indicates that newspaper

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably

because

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable

because they

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

mrT0Aiat3o

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

mrT0Aiat3o

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

mrT0Aiat3o

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

mrT0Aiat3o

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text

4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange

not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing

a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

mrT0Aiat3o

As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its

economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith

that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to

the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the

quick fix of devaluation.

mrT0Aiat3o

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.

It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the

need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to

harmonies.

mrT0Aiat3o

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow

spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that

do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU

mega-

projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial

councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the

EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic

rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French

interference.

mrT0Aiat3o

A “southern” camp headed by French wants something

different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro

-zone members.

Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of

redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments

through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the

France government have murmured, curo- zone members should agree to some fiscal and

social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour

costs.

mrT0Aiat3o

It is too soon to

write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest

trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a

single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to

goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt

to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

mrT0Aiat3o

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

mrT0Aiat3o

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

mrT0Aiat3o

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant

powers

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that

.

mrT0Aiat3o

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

mrT0Aiat3o

[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __

__.

mrT0Aiat3o

［

A< /p>

］

poor countries are more likely to get funds

［

B

］

strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries

mrT0Aiat3o

［

C

］

loans will be readily available to rich countries

mrT0Aiat3o

［

D

］

rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __

__.

mrT0Aiat3o

［

A

］

pessi mistic

［

B

］

desperate

［

C

］

conceited

［

D

hopeful

Part B

Directions: