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研究生入学考试英语二
真题及参考答案
Section I
Use of English
Directions
：
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A,
B, C or D
on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (10 points)
The Internet
affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to
privacy and freedom of speech. But
that
very anonymity is also behind the explosion of
cyber-crime that has
1
across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved
2
bringing
safety and security to a world that seems
increasingly
3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the
nation
’
s cyber-czar, offered
the federal government a
4
to make the Web a safer
place-a
“
voluntary trusted
identity
”
system that would
be the high-tech
5
of a physical key, a
fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled
6
one. The system might use
a
smart identity card, or a digital credential
7
to
a specific computer .and would authenticate
users at a range of online services.
The
idea
is
to
8
a
federation
of
private
online
identity
systems.
User
could
9
which
system to join, and only registered
users whose identities have been authenticated
could navigate
those
systems.
The
approach
contrasts
with
one
that
would
require
an
Internet
driver
’
s
license
10
by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among
companies that already have
these
“
single sign-
on
”
systems
that make it possible for users to
11
just once but use many different
services.
12
.the approach would create a
“
walled
garden
”
n cyberspace, with
safe
“neighborhoods”
and bright
“
stree
tlights
”
to establish a
sense of a
13
community.
Mr. Schmidt
described it as a
“
voluntary
ecosystem
”
in which
“
individuals and
organizations
can complete online
transactions with
14
,trusting the identities of
each other and the identities
of the
infrastructure
15
which the transaction
runs
”
.
Still, the
administration
’
s plan has
16
privacy rights activists. Some applaud
the approach;
others are concerned. It
seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative
push toward what would
17
be a compulsory Internet
“
drive
’
s
license
”
mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with
18
by some computer security experts, who
worry
that the
“
voluntary
ecosystem
”
envisioned by Mr.
Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet
19 .They argue that all
Internet users should be
20
to register and identify
themselves, in the
same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1.[A]swept
2.[A]for
3.[A]careless
4.[A]reason
5.[A]information
6.[A]by
7.[A]linked
8.[A]dismiss
9.[A]recall
10.[A]released
11.[A]carry on
[B] skipped
[B] within
[B] lawless
[B] reminder
[B] interference
[B] into
[B] directed
[B] discover
[B] suggest
[B] issued
[B] linger on
[C] walked
[C] while
[C] pointless
[C] compromise
[C]
entertainment
[C] from
[C] chained
[C] create
[C] select
[C]
distributed
[C] set in
[D]
ridden
[D] though
[D] helpless
[D] proposal
[D]
equivalent
[D] over
[D] compared
[D]
improve
[D] realize
[D] delivered
[D] log in
12.[A]In vain
13.[A]trusted
14.[A]caution
15.[A]on
16.[A]divided
17.[A]frequently
18.[A]skepticism
19.[A]manageable
20.[A]invited
答案解析：
[B] In effect
[B] modernized
[B] delight
[B] after
[B] disappointed
[B] incidentally
[B]
tolerance
[B] defendable
[B] appointed
[C] In return
[C] thriving
[C] confidence
[C] beyond
[C] protected
[C] occasionally
[C] indifference
[C] vulnerable
[C] allowed
[D] In contrast
[D] competing
[D] patience
[D] across
[D] united
[D]
eventually
[D] enthusiasm
[D] invisible
[D] forced
1~5 ACBDD
6~10 BACCB
11~15 DBACA
16~20 ADACD
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
after
each
text
by
choosing A,
B,
C
or D.
Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1
. (40points)
Text
1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman
Sachs
’
s board as an outside
director in January 2000: a year
later
she
became
president
of
Brown
University.
For
the
rest
of
the
decade
she
apparently
managed both roles without attracting
much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons
was
under fire for having sat on
Goldman
’
s compensation
committee; how could she have let those
enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?
By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the
board. The position was just taking up
too much time, she said.
Outside
directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet
less biased, advisers on a
firm
’
s board.
Having
made
their
wealth
and
their
reputations
elsewhere,
they
presumably
have
enough
independence to disagree with the chief
executive
’
s proposals. If
the sky, and the
share price is
falling,
outside
directors
should
be
able
to
give
advice
based
on
having
weathered
their
own
crises.
The researchers from Ohio University
used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms
and
more
than
64,000
different
directors
between
1989
and
2004.
Then
they
simply
checked
which directors
stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The
most likely reason for departing
a
board was age, so the researchers concentrated on
those
“
surprise
”<
/p>
disappearances by directors
under the age of 70. They fount that
after a surprise departure, the probability that
the company
will
subsequently
have
to
restate
earnings
increased
by
nearly
20%.
The
likelihood
of
being
named in a federal
class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock
is likely to perform worse.
The effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a
correlation between them leaving and
subsequent
bad
performance
at
the
firm
is
suggestive,
it
does
not
mean
that
such
directors
are
always jumping off a sinking ship.
Often they
“
trade
up.
”
Leaving riskier,
smaller firms for larger
and more
stable firms.
But the researchers
believe that outside directors have an easier time
of avoiding a blow to
their reputations
if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even
if a review of history shows
they were
on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.
Firms who want to keep their outside
directors
through
tough
times
may
have
to
create
incentives.
Otherwise
outside
directors
will
follow the
example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on
campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1,
Ms. Simmons was criticized for _____
.
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
outside directors are supposed to be _____
.
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased
executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent
advisers
23.
According
to
the
researchers
from
Ohio
University
after
an
outside
director
’
s
surprise
departure, the firm
is likely to _____
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside directors _____
.
[A]may stay for
the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often
had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are
accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
firm
25. The
author
’
s attitude toward the
role of outside directors is _____
.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text
2
Whatever
happened
to
the
death
of
newspaper?
A
year
ago
the
end
seemed
near.
The
recession threatened to
remove the advertising and readers that had not
already fled to the internet.
Newspapers
like
the
San
Francisco
Chronicle
were
chronicling
their
own
doom.
America
’
s
Federal Trade commission launched a
round of talks about how to save newspapers.
Should they
become
charitable
corporations?
Should
the
state
subsidize
them ?
It
will
hold
another
meeting
soon. But the discussions now seem out
of date.
In much of the
world there is the sign of crisis. German and
Brazilian papers have shrugged
off the
recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit
the most troubled come of the global
industry, have not only survived but
often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit
margins that were
routine a few years
ago, but profit all the same.
It has
not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by
pushing journalists overboard. The
American
Society
of
News
Editors
reckons
that
13,500
newsroom
jobs
have
gone
since
2007.
Readers are paying more for slimmer
products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse
delivery
to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and,
sadly for many
journalists, they can be
pushed further.
Newspapers
are becoming more balanced businesses, with a
healthier mix of revenues from
readers and advertisers. American
papers have long been highly unusual in their
reliance on ads.
Fully
87%
of
their
revenues
came
from
advertising
in
2008,
according
to
the
Organization
for
Economic Cooperation & Development
(OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not
surprisingly,
Japanese newspapers are
much more stable.
The
whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed
everybody, but much of the damage
has
been concentrated in areas where newspaper are
least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have
gone. So have science and general
business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been
savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less
complete as a result. But completeness is no
longer a virtue in the newspaper
business.
26. By saying
“
Newspapers like
…
their own
doom
”
(Lines 3-4, Para. 1),
the author indicates that
newspaper
_____
.
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably because _____
.
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about
these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer
products
28.
Compared
with
their
American
counterparts,
Japanese
newspapers
are
much
more
stable
because they _____
.
[A]have more sources of
revenue
[B]have more balanced
newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame
for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign
bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper
business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in
car and film reviews.
30. The most
appropriate title for this text would be _____
.
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for
Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the
Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless
Story
Text
3
We tend to think of the decades
immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity
and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going off to
college on the G
. I. Bill and
lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their
houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could
truly be more. During
the Depression and the war, Americans had learned
to live with less, and
that
restraint,
in
combination
with
the
postwar
confidence
in
the
future,
made
small,
efficient
housing positively stylish.
Economic
condition
was
only
a
stimulus
for
the
trend
toward
efficient
living.
The
phrase
“
less
is
more
”
was
actually
first
popularized
by
a
German,
the
architect
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe,
who
like
other
people
associated
with
the
Bauhaus,
a
school
of
design,
emigrated
to
the
United States before World War II
and took up posts at American
architecture schools. These designers came to
exert enormous
influence on the course
of American architecture, but none more so that
Mies.
Mies
’
s signature
phrase means that less decoration, properly
organized, has more impact that
a
lot.
Elegance,
he
believed,
did
not
derive
from
abundance.
Like
other
modern
architects,
he
employed metal, glass and laminated
wood-materials that we take for granted today buy
that in the
1940s symbolized the
future. Mies
’
s sophisticated
presentation masked the fact that the spaces he
designed were small and efficient,
rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers
Mies built on Chicago
’
s Lake
Shore Drive, for example,
were smaller-
two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than
those in their older neighbors along
the
city
’
s
Gold
Coast.
But
they
were
popular
because
of
their
airy
glass
walls,
the
views
they
afforded and the elegance of the
buildings
’
details and
proportions, the architectural equivalent of
the abstract art so popular at the
time.
The trend toward
“
less
”
was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank
Lloyd Wright started
building
more
modest
and
efficient
houses-usually
around
1,200
square
feet-than
the
spreading
two-story ones he had designed in the
1890s and the early 20th century.
The
“
Case Study
Houses
”
commissioned from
talented modern architects by California Arts
& Architecture magazine between 1945
and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on
the
“
less
is
more
”
trend.
Aesthetic
effect
came
from
the
landscape,
new
materials
and
forthright
detailing.
In
his
Case
Study
House,
Ralph
everyday
life
–
few
American
families
acquired
helicopters,
though
most
eventually
got
clothes
dryers
–
but
his
belief
that
self-sufficiency
was
both desirable and
inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style
largely reflected the
Americans
’
_____
.
[A]prosperity
and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and
faithfulness
32. Which of the following
can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected
by World War II.
[C]Most American architects
used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a
great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of
architectural design _____
.
[A]was related to large
space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant
decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments
Mies building Chicago
’
s Lake
Shore Drive?
[A]They ignored details and
proportions.
[B]They were built with materials
popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious
than neighboring buildings.
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