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研究生入学考试英语二
真题及参考答案
Section I
Use of English
Directions
：
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered black and
mark A, B, C or D on
ANSWER
SHEET 1
. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its
users, a blessing to
privacy
and freedom
of
speech.
But
that
very
anonymity
is
also
behind
the
explosion
of
cyber-crime
that
has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing
safety and security to a world that seems
increasingly 3
Last
month,
Howard
Schmidt, the
nation
’
s cyber-
czar, offered
the federal
government a 4 to make the Web a
safer place-a
“
voluntary
trusted identity
”
system
that
would
be
the
high-tech
5 of
a
physical
key,
a
fingerprint
and
a
photo
ID
card,
all
rolled 6 one.
The
system
might
use
a
smart
identity
card,
or
a
digital
credential 7 to a specific computer
.and would authenticate users at a range of
online services.
The
idea
is
to 8 a
federation
of
private
online
identity
systems.
User
could
9
which system to join, and only registered users
whose identities have been
authenticated could navigate those
systems. The approach contrasts with one that
would require an Internet
driver
’
s license 10 by
the government.
Google
and
Microsoft
are
among
companies
that
already
have
these
“
single
sign-on
”
systems that make it possible for users
to 11 just once but use many different
services.
12
.the approach would create a
“
walled
garden
”
n cyberspace, with
safe
“neighborhoods”
and
bright
“
streetlights
”
to
establish
a
sense
of
a
13
community.
Mr.
Schmidt described it as a
“
voluntary
ecosystem
”
in which
“
individuals
and
organizations
can
complete
online
transactions
with
14
,trusting
the
identities of each other and the
identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction
runs
”
.
Still, the
administration
’
s plan has
16 privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are
concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
an initiative push toward what would
17 be a compulsory Internet
“
drive
’
s
license
”
mentality.
The
plan
has
also
been
greeted
with
18 by
some
computer
security
experts,
who
worry
that
the
“
voluntary
ecosystem
”
envisioned
by
Mr.
Schmidt
would
still
leave
much
of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet
users should be 20 to
register and
identify themselves, in the
same
way that drivers must be
licensed to
drive on public
roads.
1.[A]swept
2.[A]for
though
[B] skipped
[B] within
[C] walked
[C] while
[D] ridden
[D]
1
3.[A]careless
helpless
4.[A]reason
proposal
5.[A]information
equivalent
6.[A]by
over
7.[A]linked
compared
8.[A]dismiss
improve
9.[A]recall
10.[A]released
delivered
11.[A]carry on
12.[A]In
vain
In contrast
13.[A]trusted
competing
14.[A]caution
patience
15.[A]on
16.[A]divided
united
17.[A]frequently
eventually
18.[A]skepticism
enthusiasm
19.[A]manageable
invisible
20.[A]invited
forced
答案解析：
[B] lawless
[C] pointless
[C] compromise
[D]
[B] reminder
[D]
[D]
[D]
[B] interference
[B] into
[C] entertainment
[C] from
[B]
directed
[B] discover
[C]
chained
[C] create
[D]
[D]
[D]
realize
[D]
[B] suggest
[B] issued
[C] select
[C] distributed
[B] linger
on
[B] In effect
[B] modernized
[B] delight
[C]
set in
[D] log
in
[C] In return
[D]
[C] thriving
[D]
[C] confidence
[D]
[B]
after
[B] disappointed
[B] incidentally
[B]
tolerance
[B] defendable
[C] beyond
[D] across
[C] protected
[D]
[C] occasionally
[C] indifference
[D]
[D]
[C] vulnerable
[C] allowed
[D]
[D]
[B]
appointed
1~5 ACBDD 6~10
BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACD
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
after
each
text
by
choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth
Simmons joined Goldman
Sachs
’
s board as an outside
director in January
2000: a year later
she became president of Brown University. For the
rest of the
2
decade
she
apparently
managed
both
roles
without
attracting
much
eroticism.
But
by
the
end
of
2009
Ms.
Simmons
was
under
fire
for
having
sat
on
Goldman
’
s
compensation
committee; how
could she have let those enormous bonus payouts
pass unremarked By
February
the
next
year
Ms.
Simmons
had
left
the
board.
The
position
was
just
taking
up
too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve
as helpful, yet less biased, advisers
on
a
firm
’
s
board.
Having
made
their
wealth
and
their
reputations
elsewhere,
they
presumably
have
enough
independence
to
disagree
with
the
chief
executive
’
s
proposals.
If the sky, and
the share
price is falling,
outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having
weathered their own crises.
The
researchers
from
Ohio
University
used
a
database
hat
covered
more
than
10,000
firms and more than
64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.
Then they
simply
checked
which
directors
stayed
from
one
proxy
statement
to
the
next.
The
most
likely
reason
for
departing
a
board
was
age,
so
the
researchers
concentrated
on
those
“
surprise
”
disappearances
by
directors
under
the
age
of
70.
They
fount
that
after
a surprise departure, the probability
that the company will subsequently have to
restate
earnings
increased
by
nearly
20%.
The
likelihood
of
being
named
in
a
federal
class-
action
lawsuit
also
increases,
and
the
stock
is
likely
to
perform
worse.
The
effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a
correlation between them
leaving and
subsequent bad performance at the
firm is suggestive, it does not mean
that
such
directors
are
always
jumping
off
a
sinking
ship.
Often
they
“
trade
up.
”
Leaving riskier, smaller firms for
larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that
outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if
they leave a firm before bad news breaks,
even
if
a
review
of
history
shows
they
were
on
the
board
at
the
time
any
wrongdoing
occurred. Firms who want to keep their
outside directors through tough times may
have to create incentives. Otherwise
outside directors will follow the example of
Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on
campus.
21. According to
Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for _____
.
[A]gaining excessive
profits
[B]failing to
fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough
times
22.
We
learn
from
Paragraph
2
that
outside
directors
are
supposed
to
be
_____
.
[A]generous
investors
[B]unbiased
executives
[C]share price
forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23.
According
to
the
researchers
from
Ohio
University
after
an
outside
director
’
s
surprise departure, the firm is likely to _____
.
[A]become more
stable
[B]report
increased earnings
[C]do
less well in the stock market
3
[D]perform worse in
lawsuits
24.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
paragraph
that
outside
directors
_____ .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the
firm
[B]have often had
records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free
work in the firm
[D]will
decline incentives from the firm
25.
The
author
’
s
attitude
toward
the
role
of
outside
directors
is
_____ .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text
2
Whatever
happened
to
the
death
of
newspaper
A
year
ago
the
end
seemed
near.
The
recession
threatened
to
remove
the
advertising
and
readers
that
had
not
already
fled
to
the
internet.
Newspapers
like
the
San
Francisco
Chronicle
were
chronicling
their
own doom.
America
’
s Federal Trade
commission launched a round of talks about how
to save newspapers. Should they become
charitable corporations Should the state
subsidize
them It
will
hold
another
meeting
soon.
But
the
discussions
now
seem
out
of date.
In much
of the world there is the sign of crisis. German
and Brazilian papers
have shrugged off
the recession. Even American newspapers, which
inhabit the most
troubled come of
the global industry, have not only
survived but
often returned to
profit. Not the 20% profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit
all the same.
It
has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat
by pushing journalists
overboard. The
American Society of News Editors reckons that
13,500 newsroom jobs
have
gone
since
2007.
Readers
are
paying
more
for
slimmer
products.
Some
papers
even
had the nerve to refuse delivery to
distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures
have proved the right ones and, sadly
for many journalists, they can be pushed
further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced
businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American
papers
have
long
been
highly
unusual
in
their
reliance
on
ads.
Fully
87%
of
their
revenues
came
from
advertising
in
2008,
according to the
Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In
Japan the
proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more
stable.
The whirlwind that swept
through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of
the
damage has been concentrated in
areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car
and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign
bureaus have been savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less complete as a result. But
completeness is no longer a virtue in
the newspaper business.
26.
By saying
“
Newspapers like
…
their own
doom
”
(Lines 3-4, Para. 1),
the
author indicates that newspaper
_____ .
4
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state
subsidies
[C]were not
charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27.
Some
newspapers
refused
delivery
to
distant
suburbs
probably
because
_____ .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce
costs
[C]journalists
reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about
slimmer products
28.
Compared
with
their
American
counterparts,
Japanese
newspapers
are
much
more
stable
because they _____ .
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced
newsrooms
[C]are less
dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper
business
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of
newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of
newspaper.
[C]Foreign
bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper
business.
[D]Readers have
lost their interest in car and film
reviews.
30. The most
appropriate title for this text would be _____
.
[A]American Newspapers:
Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the
Wind
[C]American
Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless
Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades
immediately following World War II as a time
of prosperity and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going off
to college on the G. I. Bill and lining
up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it
was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could truly be more. During
the Depression and the war, Americans had
learned to live with less, and that
restraint, in combination with the postwar
confidence in the future, made small,
efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus
for the trend toward efficient living.
The
phrase
“
less
is
more
”
was
actually
first
popularized
by
a
German,
the
architect
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe,
who
like
other
people
associated
with
the
Bauhaus,
a
school
of design, emigrated
to the United States before World War
II
and
took
up
posts
at
American
architecture
schools.
These
designers
came
to
exert
enormous influence on
the course of American architecture, but none more
so that
Mies.
Mies
’
s signature
phrase means that less decoration, properly
organized, has
more impact
that
a lot.
Elegance, he believed, did not derive
from abundance. Like
5
other
modern
architects,
he
employed
metal,
glass
and
laminated
wood-materials
that
we take for granted
today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.
Mies
’
s
sophisticated presentation masked the
fact that the spaces he designed were small
and efficient, rather than big and
often empty.
The
apartments
in
the
elegant
towers
Mies
built
on
Chicago
’
s
Lake
Shore
Drive,
for example, were smaller-two-bedroom
units under 1,000 square feet-than those in
their older neighbors along the
city
’
s Gold Coast. But they
were popular because
of
their
airy
glass
walls,
the
views
they
afforded
and
the
elegance
of
the
buildings
’
details
and
proportions,
the
architectural
equivalent
of
the
abstract
art
so
popular
at the time.
The
trend toward
“
less
”
was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd
Wright
started
building
more
modest
and
efficient
houses-usually
around
1,200
square
feet-than the
spreading two-story ones he had designed in the
1890s and the early
20th
century.
The
“
Case Study
Houses
”
commissioned
from talented
modern
architects
by
California Arts &
Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were
yet another
homegrown influence on the
“
less is
more
”
trend. Aesthetic
effect came from the
landscape, new
materials and forthright detailing. In his Case
Study House, Ralph
everyday
life
–
few
American
families
acquired
helicopters,
though
most
eventually
got clothes dryers
–
but his belief that self-
sufficiency was both desirable and
inevitable was widely shared.
31.
The
postwar
American
housing
style
largely
reflected
the
Americans
’
_____ .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and
confidence
[D]pride and
faithfulness
32. Which of
the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3
about Bauhaus
[A]It was
founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was
affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated
with it.
[D]It had a
great influence upon American
architecture.
33. Mies held
that elegance of architectural design _____
.
[A]was related to large
space
[B]was identified
with emptiness
[C]was not
reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with
efficiency
34.
What
is
true
about
the
apartments
Mies
building
Chicago
’
s
Lake
Shore
Drive
[A]They
ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials
popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than neighboring
buildings.
[D]They
shared some characteristics of abstract
art.
35. What can we learn
about the design of the
“
Case Study
House
”
[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
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