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一些金融术语的英文表达

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2021-03-02 23:41
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2021年3月2日发(作者:affirmation)


.


01. PESTEL Model




词汇:





Model


:模型





Macro environment




宏观环境





Political


:政治的





T


axation policy


:税收政策





Government stability


:政府稳定性





Foreign trade


:外贸





Regulation


:法规





Economic


:经济的





Environment


:环境





Interest rate


:利率





Inflation


:通货膨胀





Business cycle


:商业周期;经济周期





Unemployment


:失业





Disposable income


:可支配收入;





disposable


:可处置的





Social


:社会的





Culture

< br>:文化;


Cultural


,文化的




Demographics


:人口统计资料





Mobility


:流动性;移动性;





Income distribution


:收入分配





Lifestyle


:生活方式





Attitude


:态度





attitude to




的态度





Leisure


:闲暇,休闲;





Consumerism


:消费主义(一种以消费来刺激经济的主张;亦指专心于或倾向于购买


消 费品)





T


echnological


:技术的,科技的





Influence< /p>



(及物动词)影响





Government spending


:政府支出





R&D



Research and Development


研究与发展





Focus


:聚焦;焦点





Obsolescence


:过时;





rate of obsolescence


:淘汰速度,更新换代速度





Ecological

< p>
:生态的,生态学的





Monopoly


:垄断





Legislation


:立法





Environment protection law


:环境保护法





The PESTEL model studies the macro environment in the following aspects: PESTEL


模型主要从以下几方面来研究宏观环境:





1.


Political.


The


political


environment


includes


taxation


policy,


government


stability


and foreign trade regulations.


政治环境。


政治环境包括税收政策、


政府稳定性和外贸法规等


因素。



.


.




2. Economic. The economic environment includes interest rates, inflation, business


cycles, unemployment, disposable income and energy availability and cost.


经济环境。 经


济环境包括利率、通货膨胀水平、商业周期、


失业水平、


可支配收入和能源供应及成本等因


素。





3. Social. The social/cultural environment includes population demographics, social


mobility,


income


distribution,


lifestyle


changes,


attitudes


to


work


and


leisure,


levels


of


education and consumerism.


社会 文化环境。


社会文化环境包括人口统计情况、


社会流动性、


收入分配、生活方式变迁、工作休闲态度、教育水平和消费理念等因素





4.


Technological.


The


technological


environment


is


influenced


by


government


spending on research, new discoveries and development, government and industry focus


of technological effort, speed of technological transfer and rates of obsolescence.




技术环境。


科技环境通常受政府在研 发方面支出水平的影响,


同时也受政府、


行业确定


的科技发展方向以及技术转移及淘汰速度的影响。





5. Ecological/environmental. The ecological environment, sometimes just referred to


as ‘the environment’, considers ways in which the organization can produce its goods or


services with the minimum environmental damage.


生态环境。


生态环境通常就是指我们生


活的这个环境,


在此通常要考虑的是组织要以对环境产生最小破坏的方 式来生产商品或提供


劳务。





6. Legal. The legal environment covers influences such as taxation, employment law,


monopoly


legislation


and


environmental


protection


laws.


法律环境。法律环境通常考虑税


法 、劳动法、垄断法、环境保护法等法律对组织的影响。








02.


行业生命周期


Industry Life Cycle




词汇:





Introduction, growth, maturity and decline


:起步

< br>/


成长


/


成熟

< br>/


衰退期





Characteristics


: 特色,特点




Prospective



(名词)预期,展望(形容词) 未来的,预期的





Feature


:特征





Position



(动词)定位





Awareness


:意识,知道, 认识





Market growth rate


:市场增长率





Patent


:专利





Intensive


:集中的,加强的





Well- informed


:消息灵通的,见多识广的





Shake- out


:摇动,抖动,动荡





Industry concentration


:行业集中





Market segmentation


:市场细分





Grab



(动词)攫取,抓住,抢得





M&A



Mergers and Acquisitions



:并购





Overcapacity


:产能过剩





Dramatically


:剧烈地





Die out


:消失,灭绝





Competitive advantage


:竞争优势



行业生命周期


Industry Life Cycle


.


.


阶段


stages





特征


characteristics


起步期



Introduction




The entity is usually small.


There exists different prospective for the future.


Marketing strategy should focus on correcting product problems in design, features, and


positioning so as to establish a competitive advantage and develop product awareness


through advertising, promotion and personal sales techniques.


The profitability is relatively low.


Market growth rate is high.


The management of the entity should carry out corresponding strategies to support the


launch of the new products and monitor the competitors’ latest progress.


< p>
企业规模较小;


对未来发展有不同的看法;


营销策 略主要关注于产品设计、


特征及定位的修


正以建立起竞争优势, 同时通过广告、促销、个人销售手段来增强消费者对产品的认知度;


盈利性较低;市场增 长率较高。



管理层要采取相应的战略来支持新品上市,同时关 注竞争对手的最新动态。




成长期



Growth




The industry grows quickly.


The entity needs to finance for the market expansion and always faces the shortage of


cash.


The management of the


entity must achieve the target market share by increasing


the


production. And at the same time the entity can also establish the “industry barrier” by the


patents, low costs and any other methods.


成长期:行业增长迅速 ;企业需要大量资金来实现市场扩张,因此面临资金的短缺。



管理层必须通过扩大产量来达到公司设定的目标市场份额。


同时通过专利、


低成本及其他方


法来建立阻止竞争者进入的



行业壁垒





成熟期



Maturity




The growth rate of the industry declines and becomes stable gradually.


There exists intensive competition in the market.


The customers are well-informed.


Only a few larger players remain in the industry after the shake-out of industry in the late


maturity which leads to increased industry concentration.


The entity should focus on the efficiency, cost control and market segmentation. In the late


maturity,


the


entity


should


grab


the


opportunity


for


M&A


and


focus


on


the


R&D for


the


further development of new markets and new technologies.


成熟期:行 业增长率降低趋于稳定;


市场竞争更加激烈;


消费者见多识广;


成熟期后期行业


剧烈动荡仅留下较大的企业,从而导致较高的行 业集中度。



企业应重点关注效率、成本控制和市场细分。


在成熟期后期,


企业应抓住兼并机会,重点关


注研发以开拓新市场和获取新技术。



衰退期



Decline




The industry suffers from overcapacity.


Market growth rate declines dramatically.


There exist fewer kinds of products and entities in the industry. Even finally the industry


will die out.


.


.


The management of the entity should continue to keep the competitive advantage in such


situation. So in this stage strategy management is very important to the entity.


衰退期:行业产能过剩;


市场增长率大幅下降;产品品种和企业数量进一步减 少,


行业甚至


有可能消亡。



管理层在这样一个环境下,应继续保持竞争性优势。因此在这个阶段战略管理显得尤为重


要。






03. Five Forces Model of Competition


波特的五力模型





波特的五力模型



Five Forces Model of Competition







Notes




Entrant


:进入者





Extra


:额外的





Capacity


:能力,容量,资格,地位,生产力





Intensify


:加剧





Competition


:竞争





Barriers to entry


:进入壁垒





Foothold


:立足处,据点, 立锥之地





The threat of new entrants




New entrants into an industry will bring extra capacity and intensify competition. The


strength of this threat depends upon


the strength of the


barriers to entry and the likely


response


of


existing


competitors


to


the


new


entrant.


Barriers


to


entry


are


unfavorable


factors that make it difficult for a new entrant to gain an initial foothold in a market.




新进入者的威胁





新进入者为市场带来了额外的生产 能力,


进而加剧了市场的竞争。


来自新进入者的威胁

< p>
大小取决于行业壁垒高低和现有企业对新进入者的反应。


所谓的进入壁垒就 是指那些使新进


入者难于在市场立足的不利因素。





Notes




Economics of scale


:规模经济





Unit cost


:单位成本





Decline


:下降





Significantly


:显著地,大幅度地





Volume


:量,卷





CVP analysis


:本量利分析





Increase


:增加





Decrease


:减少





Such that/so th at


:如此


……


以致于





Be able to do sth


:有能力去做某事





On the basis of


: 在


……


的基础上





Comparable


:可比较的





Differentiation


:差异





Brand image


:品牌形象





Customer loyalty


:客户忠诚度





Overcome


:克服



.


.




Prohibitive


:禁止的,


( 费用,价格等)过高的





Transport


:交通,运输





Switching cost


:转换成本





One- off


:一次性的





Access to


:接近,有权使用





Distribution channel


:分销渠道





Cost advantage


:成本优势





Disadvantage


:不利, 劣势





I ndependent


:独立的,不依赖


……

< br>的,不受


……


支配的





Subsidy


:补贴





Know- how


:专有技术





Barriers to entry 1




?Economies


of


scale.


The


industry


is


one


where


unit


costs


decline


significantly


as


volume increases, so that a new entrant will be unable to start on a comparable cost basis.




?Product


differentiation.


Established


firms in


an


industry


may


have


built


up


a


good


brand image and customer loyalty. The costs of overcoming this barrier to entry for a new


entrant can be prohibitive.




?Capital r


equirements. Where


capital investment requirements are high, the


barrier


against new entrants will be strong.



e.g. steel industry, rail transport



.




Barriers to entry 2




?Switching


costs.


Switching


costs


refer


to


the


one


-off


costs



time,


money


and


convenience




that


a


customer


would


have


to


incur


by


switching


from


one


supplier


to


another.




?Access to distribution channels. Distribution channels carry a manufacturer’s product


to


end-buyer. For new entrants, new distribution


channels are


difficult to


establish, and


existing distribution channels are hard to gain access to.




?Cost advantages of existing producers, independent of economies of scale include:



i




Patent rights;



ii




Experience and know-how;



iii




Government subsidies;



iv




Laws and regulations;



v




Favored access to suppliers




常见的进入壁垒有:





规模经济。


规模经济表现为在一定时间内产品的单位成本随总产量的增加而降低,


而新

< p>
进入者则不能一开始就达到此成本水平。





产品差异性。


行业内已建立的公司拥 有较好的品牌形象和客户忠诚度。


如果行业新进入


者想克服这个 壁垒,则代价是巨大的。





资本金投入要求。


某些行业需要前期投入较大的资本金,


则给新进入者设置的进入壁垒


较高,比如说钢铁行业、铁路运输等。





转换成本。


即从一个供应商转换到另一个供应商的一次性成本


(包括时间、


金钱和便利)






对分销渠道的使用权。分销渠道使生产商的产品被运往终端消 费者。对新进入者来说,


新的分销渠道难以建立,并且现有的分销渠道难以获得。





现有产品的成本优势(与规模经济无关)包括:






i




专利权


;



ii




经验和专有技术


;



iii




政府补贴


;



iv




法律法规


;



v





优惠供给资源








04. Porter’s Value Chain


波特的价值链模型



.


.




Notes




Value chain


:价值链





Identify


:识别





Contribute to


:有助于





Competitive advantage


:竞争优势





Approach


:方法论,方法; 靠近(


vt.






Break down…into


:分解成






Primary


:基本的,主要的





Firm infrastructure


:企业的基础设施建设





Human resource management


:人力资源管理





T


echnology development


:技术开发





Procurement


:采购





Porter developed the value chain to help identify which activities within the firm were


contributing to a competitive advantage and which were not.




The approach involves breaking down the firm into five “primary” and four “support”


activities, and investigating each to see if they give a cost advantage or quality advantage.




波特提出 了价值链模型,借此识别哪些活动会给公司带来竞争优势,哪些则不能。





该理论将公司划分为五种基本活动 和四种辅助活动,


并对每一种活动进行考察,


以确定

< p>
其是否可以为公司带来成本优势或质量优势。








05. SWOT Model/SWOT


模型





Notes:




SWOT





Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat


的缩写,



优势、劣势、机会、威胁





Internal/External


:内部的


/


外部的





Unique


:唯一的,独一无二的





Favorable


:有利的





Unfavorable


:不利的(


un


为前缀,表示否定)

< p>




The SWOT analysis includes four elements


- strengths, weaknesses, opportunities


and threats.




?Strength.


It


means


the


positive


factors


or


unique


capabilities


which


result


in


the


competitive advantages.




?Weakness. It means the factors which restrict the development of the firm.





?Opportunity. It means the circumstances which are favorable to the development of


the firm as the external environment is changing.




?Threat. It means th


e circumstances which are unfavorable to the development of the


firm as the external environment is changing.



< /p>


SWOT


分析的四要素为优势、劣势、机会与威胁。





?


优势


:




是指能为企业带来重要竞争优势的积极因素或独特能力。





?


劣势


:




是指限制企业发展且有待改正的消极方面。





?


机会


:




是随着企业外部环境的改变而产生的有利于企业的时机。



.


.




?


威胁


:




是随着企业外部环境的改变而产生的不利于企业的时机。








06. Generic Strategies




Notes




Generic strategy


:一般战略





Cost leadership


:成本领先战略





Differentiation


:差异化战略





Focus


:集中化战略





Niche


:壁龛





Learning curve


:学习曲线





Premise


:前提,地基,场地





Segment


:段,部分;分割





Fallback


:可依靠的东西,撤退,退却





Entrepreneurial flair


:企业家的才智





Stuck in


:陷入,插入





Upmarket


:以高消费者为对 象的,高级的


;


高档地,



高级地





Downmarket


:面向低收入消费者的面向低收入阶层< /p>





Professor


Michael


Porter


identified


three


generic


strategies


through


which


an


organization could achieve competitive advantages.




?Cost leadership





?Differentiatio


n




?Focus





迈克尔


?


波 特教授指出有三种一般战略可帮助一家企业获得竞争优势。





?


成本领先战略





?


差异化战略





?


集中化战略








07. Corporate Strategy




Notes




Horizontal integration


:横向一体化





Alliance strategy


:联盟战略





Vertical integration


:纵向一体化





Backwards vertical integration


:后向一体化





Forwards vertical integration


:前向一体化





adaptability


:适应性,适合性





Horizontal integration means the M&A or alliance strategies carried out by the entity.


The


key


reason


for


adopting


such


strategy


by


the


entity


is


to


achieve


the


competitive


advantages by reducing competition intensity, realizing economics of scale and increasing


strength.





Vertical integration occurs when a company expands backwards or forwards within its


existing value network and thus becomes its own supplier or distributor.



.

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