-
英语试题
公共英语部分
注：括号里面的文字的意思：
1.<
/p>
根据整篇短文的理解加进去，只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而已，省去括号里面的
容也可。
2.
考
虑的翻译的可读性，改变了原本的表述方法，括号里是字面上的意思
< br>3.
每句与每句之间的衔接的逻辑连接词。
4.
对前句翻译的说明。
另，有些翻译仍然不够通顺，请见谅！
^_^
Put the following passage
into Chinese:
1
、
Critics
of
early
schooling
cite
research
that
questions
whether
4-year-old
children are
ready to take on formal learning.
早教的批
评者援引有关
4
岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学习的研究。
Educators find that older
toddlers are more likely to succeed during their
school
careers, whereas their younger
counterparts are more likely to fail.
一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课，而那些较早学步的小孩反而
不尽人意。
Kindergarten children
who turn five during the latter half of the year
seem to be
at a disadvantage when it
comes to physical, emotional, social, and
intellectual
development.
那
些
4
岁半即将
5
岁的幼儿园小孩，在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似乎处于劣势地
位。
Additionally, children who are
nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to
receive
better
grades
and
score
higher
on
achievement
tests
throughout
their
schooling
experience
than
do
those
who
begin
kindergarten
having
just
turned
five.
另外，相比于那些刚刚
5
岁就被送进幼
儿园的小孩，那些接近
6
岁才进入幼儿园的小孩在
他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩，在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的分数。
Being
bright
and
verbally
skillful
and
being
ready
for
school
do
not
seem
to
be
the
same thing.
（
一个小孩）聪明、语言表达能力（是否强）与（他）是否适龄入学似乎并不是一回事。
It
is
easy
to
confuse
the
superficial
poise
and
sophi
stication
of
many
of
today’s
children with inner maturity.
< br>如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与在的成熟，这两者很容易被混淆。
Indeed,
evidence
suggests
that
early
schooling
boomerangs:
Youngsters
whose
parents
push them to attain academic success in
preschool are less creative, have more
anxiety
about
tests,
and,
by
the
end
of
kindergarten,
fail
to
maintain
their
initial
academic advantage
over their less-pressured peers.
实际上，有证
据显示，早教所带来的恰恰适得其反。那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的
小孩（往往）
缺乏创造力，而且对于考试他们显得更加焦虑。同时，相对于没有收到重压
的同龄人，到
学前教育结束之时，他们（已）难以维持最初在学业上的优势。
Many psychologists and
educators remain skeptical of approaches that
place
4-year-olds in a formal
educational setting.
.word
版
.
对于将
4
岁小孩放入正式教育的这种做法，许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度。
They
question
whether
environmental
enrichment
can
significantly
alter
the
built-in
developmental timetable of a child
reared in a non disadvantaged home.
通过
丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭（字面：非弱势家庭）孩子的自然成长
规律
（字面：发展
/
成长时间表）
，这是他
们有所质疑的地方。
They do not deny,
however, the value of day-care centers and nursery
schools that
provide a homelike
environment and allow children considerable
freedom to play,
develop at their own
pace, and evolve their social skills.
然
而，他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性。它们给孩子们提供了家一样
的
环境，充分自由的玩乐空间，任孩子们慢慢成长（字面：让它们按照自己的步伐成长
/<
/p>
发
展）
，同时还培养了它们的社交能力。
But
they
point
out
that
many
of
the
things
children
once
did
in
first
grade
are
now
expected
of
them
in
kindergarten,
and
they
worry
lest
more
and
more
will
now
be
asked
of 4-year-olds.
但是，它们也指出，以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要
学会，
他们甚至还唯恐
4
岁
的小孩知之过少
（字面：
他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多）
。
These
psychologists and educators believe we are driving
young children too hard
and thereby
depriving them of their childhood.
（同时）
这些心理学家和教育家们认为，我们如此这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的
童年。<
/p>
2
、
People
have
wondered
for
a
long
time
how
their
personalities
and
behaviors
are formed.
人的个性和行为习惯是如何形成的？这是困扰着人们很长时间的一个问题。
It's not easy to explain why one person
is intelligent and another is not, or why
one is cooperative and another is
competitive.
为什么人的智力千差万别（一个人
聪明，而另一个人却不是）？为什么有些人（一个人）
乐于协作，有些人（另一个人）却
争强好胜？要解释这些并不易。
Social
scientists
are,
of
course,
extremely
interested
in
these
types
of
questions.
当然，这些问题也是社会科学家们所极其关心的问题。
They want to explain why we possess
certain characteristics and exhibit certain
behaviors.
他们想（为我们）解释为什么我们具
备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止。
There are
no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of
thoughts on the matter
have developed.
然而这并没有确切的答案（可言）
，但是基于这个问题的两个思
想流派已经发展起来。
As one might
expect, the two approaches are very different from
one another, and
there is a great deal
of debate between proponents of each theory.
正如你所料，两种思想流派是截然不同的，而二者理论的支持者之间存在剧烈的争论。
The controversy is often
con
veniently referred to as
“nature/nurture.”
他们二者（关于这个问
题的）争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成”
。
Those
who
support
the
“nature”
side
of
the
conflict
believe
that
our
personalities
.word
版
.
and behavior
patterns are largely determined by biological and
genetic factors.
那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为，我们的性格和
行为模式在很大程度上取决于生物和遗
传因素。
That
our
environment
has
little,
if
anything,
to
do
with
our
abilities,
characteristics,
and behavior is central to this theory.
我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性、行为（的塑造）甚至可能并没有什么作用，而这一点
正是“先天得之”论的核心。
Taken to an
extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior
is predetermined to
such a great degree
that we are almost completely governed by our
instincts.
这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是
先天决定的；因此，我们
几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。
Proponents
of
the
“nurture”
theory,
or
as
they
are
often
called,
behaviorists,
claim
that
our
environment
is
more
important
than
our
biologically
based
instincts
in determining how
we will act.
“后天养成”论的支持者们，抑或是常称之为行为学家，
他们声称在决定我们的行为
模式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。
A
behaviorist,
B.
F.
Skinner,
sees
humans
as
beings whose
behavior
is
almost
completely shaped by their
surroundings.
一位名叫斯金纳
（
r
）
行为学家认为，
人类
的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。
The
behaviorists'
view
of
the
human
being
is
quite
mechanistic;
they
maintain
that,
like
machines,
humans
respond
to
environmental
stimuli
as
the
basis
of
their
behavior.
行为学家们有关
人类的观点是相当的机械的；他们机械的认为，人类对环境刺激的反应是
形成他们行为模
式的基础。
The traditional belief
that a woman's place is in the home and that a
woman ought
not to go out to work can
hardly be reasonably maintained in present
conditions.
女人当主（应当待家里）以及女人不应该外出工作，诸如上
述传统观念在现如今的条件下
将很难合理的维系。
It is said that it is a woman's task to
care for the children, but families today
tend to be small and with a year or two
between children.
（传统观念）还认为，女人的天职就是照顾小孩
，然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小，小孩
之间的年龄差距也就一两岁。
< br>
Thus a woman's whole period of
child bearing may occur within five years.
如此一来，一个女人用来照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之。
Furthermore,
with
compulsory
education
from
the
age
of
five
or
six,
her
role
as
chief
educator
of her children soon ceases.
此外，随着五六岁适
龄入学，女人作为孩子首席教育家的工作也很快就停止了。
Thus even if we agree, that a woman
should stay at home to look after her children
before they are of school age, for many
women, this period would extend only for
about ten years.
因此，即使是我们同意，
对于大多数女人来说，待在家里照顾孩子直到他们适龄入学，这
段时间也仅仅是
10
年而已。
It
might
be
argued
that
the
house-
proud
women
would
still
find
plenty
to
do
about
the home.
.word
版
.
（然而，仍然）有可能会有争论说
，那些以家庭为重的女人仍然可以找到很多与家庭有关
的事情去做。
That may be so, but it is certainly
no longer necessary for a woman to spend her
whole life cooking, mending and sewing.
女人们确有可能如上所述，但是究其一生去做煮饭、修补和缝纫的活已经不再是一个女人
所必须的了。
Washing
machines
take
the
drudgery
out
of
laundry,
the
latest
models
being
entirely
automatic and able to wash and dry a
large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.
洗衣机的问世将洗衣房里枯燥乏味的工作解放，最新式的洗衣机能完成将大量衣物洗涤到< p>
烘干的所有工作，而这些工作都是全自动的。
Refrigerators
have
made
it
possible
to
store
food
for
long
periods
and
many
pre-
cooked foods are obtainable in tins.
电
冰箱的问世使得长时间储存食物成为可能，
（与此同时）许多预熟的食物都保存到了罐头
中。
Shopping,
instead of being a daily task, can be completed in
one day a week.
（这样一来）我们只需一周采购一次，而不是每天如此。
The
new
man-made
fibres
are
more
hardwearing
than
natural
fibres
and
greatly
reduce
mending, while good
ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.
（另外，
）新型的人造纤维织物比自然纤维的织物更耐磨，在大大节省了修
补工作的同时，
这些成衣更便宜且更方便批量化。
3
、
In
country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right
is in the air.
不吸烟者的权利问题正在一个又一个国家里议论开了。
While a majority of countries have
taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations
have introduced legislative steps to
control smoking.
虽然大多数的国家（对此）极少甚至不采取任何行
动，然而有
30
个国家已经通过立法措施
来控烟。
Many
laws
have
been
introduced
in
other
countries
to
help
clear
the
air
for
nonsmokers,
or to cut
cigarette consumption.
一些国家通过出台多项法律来保证非
烟民不被动吸二手烟（字面：还非烟民洁净的空气）
，
或者通过
法律减少香烟消费。
In some
developed countries the consumption of cigarettes
has become more or
less stabilized.
在一些发达国家，香烟消费或多或少已趋于稳定。
However,
in
many
developing
nations,
cigarette
smoking
is
seen
as
a
sign
of
economic
progress
—
and is
even encouraged.
然而，在许多发展中国家，吸烟（个人认为应该翻
译成，烟草消费）被视作经济发展的标
志，更有甚者他们还鼓励吸烟。
< br>
As more tobacco companies go
international, new markets are sought to gain new
smokers in those countries.
随着烟草公司的国际化，这些国家的烟民便成了烟草公司们的新大陆（字面：烟草公司需
要在这些国家的烟民中找到新的市场）
。
For
example,
great
efforts
are
made
by
the
American
tobacco industry
to
sell
.word
版
.
cigarettes
in
the
Middle
East
and
North
Africa
—
where
U.S.
tobacco
exports
increased
by more than 27 percent in 1974.
例如，美国烟草业在
1974
年向中东和北非输出的
烟草总额增加了
27%
以上，为此他们做出
了巨大的努力。
Smoking is
harmful to the health of people.
吸烟有害健康。
World governments should conduct
serious campaigns against it.
世界各国政府应该开展严肃的禁烟运动。
Restrictions
on
cigarette
advertisement,
plus
health
warnings
on
packages
and
bans
on
public
smoking
in
certain
places
such
as
theatres,
cinemas
and
restaurants,
are
the
most
popular
tools
used
by
nations
in
support
of
nonsmokers
or
in
curbing
smoking.
限制香烟广告，在烟盒上标识吸烟危害，在剧院、影院、饭馆等公共场所禁烟（等）
，
这是
大多数国家为了保证非烟民利益以及控烟的普遍做法。
But world attention also is focusing on
another step which will make the smoker
increasingly self-conscious and
uncomfortable about his habit.
然而，世界各国所
关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟
是陋习
Great efforts should be made to
inform young people especially of the dreadful
consequences of taking up the habit.
（同时，
）我们应该尽最大努力去告诫年轻人沾上吸烟这个陋习将会
带来的恶果。
And cigarette price
should be boosted.
与此同时，香烟的价格应当提高。
In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody
would be much better-off if
smoking
were banned altogether, but people are not ready
for such drastic action.
在这漫长的禁烟赛跑中，毫无疑
问，每个人的生活都将因禁烟而变得美好，然而人们却并
没有为这场激烈的禁烟战争做好
准备。
4
、
这一篇用了很多比喻及隐喻，还有类比，所以翻译起来比较难，到后面长句较
多，超出我的能力围。
We are
told the mass media are the greatest organs for
enlightenment that the
world has yet
seen; that in Britain,
for instance,
several million people see each
issue
of the current affairs programme, Panoroma.
据我们所知，
大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，
比如在英国，
时事节目“全景”
（
Panoroma
）每一期都吸引了数百万的观众。
It
is
true
that
never
in
human
history
were
so
many
people
so
often
and
so
much
exposed
to so many
intimations about societies.
确实，同时让如此众
多的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情
况，在人类历史中还
从未有过。
（这一句当中
intimations about
societies
社会暗示
翻
译不好，请见谅）
This
kind
of
exposure
may
well
be
a
point
of
departure
for
acquiring
certain
important
intellectual
and
imaginative
qualities,
width
of
judgement,
a
sense
of
the
variety
of possible
attitudes.
置身于其中或许是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质
、广泛的判断力以及对事物
.word
版
.
各种可能态度的起点。
Yet
in
itself
such
exposure
does
not
bring
intellectual
or
imaginative
development.
然而单凭如此置身其中却并不能使
我们的智力和想象力有所增益。
It is no more
than the masses of stone which lie around in a
quarry and which may,
conceivably, go
to the making of a cathedral.
这莫不如采石场中堆
卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材。
The
mass
media
cannot
build
the
cathedral,
and
their
way
of
showing
the
stones
does
not
always prompt others to build.
大众媒体并不能
筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材。
For the stones are presented within a
self-contained and self-sufficient world in
which, it is implied, simply to look at
them, to observe fleetingly individually
interesting points of difference
between them is sufficient in itself.
因
为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，
我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光
点足矣。
Life is indeed full of
problems on which we have to
—
or feel we should try
to
—
make
decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.
确实，生活本就是各种问题的结合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的
我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应试着去做决定。
（或者这么翻译
：生活充满了许多不管我们
作为公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题。
< br>）
But neither the real
difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and
disturbing
challenge to each
individual, can often be communicated through the
mass media.
然而，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来
令人烦恼的难题，这一切都没
有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现。
（
communitcated
意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来
不太通
顺）
The
disinclination
to
suggest
real
choice,
individual
decision,
which
is
to
be
found
in
the
mass
media
is
not
simply
the
product
of
a
commercial
desire
to
keep
the
customer
happy.
大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视为一种想要取乐顾客的商业
手段。
It is within the grain
of mass communications.
它是存在于大众的产物之中的。
The
organs
of
the
Establishment,
however
well-intentioned
they
may
be
and
whatever
their form (the State, the Church,
voluntary societies, political parties), have
a
vested
interest
in
ensuring
that
the
public
boat
is
not
violently
rocked,
and
will
so affect those who work within the
mass media that they will be led insensibly
towards forms of production which,
though they go through the motions of dispute
and
enquiry,
do
not
break
through
the
skin
to
where
such
enquiries
might
really
hurt.
官方的
机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党）
，无论他们是否可能是善意的，都注重自己的
既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能
的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，<
/p>
尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处。
(
触及
到要害
)
They
will
tend
to
move,
when
exposing
problems,
well
within
the
accepted
.word
版
.
cliché
-assumptions
of
democratic
society
and
will
tend
neither
radically
to
question these clichés nor to make a
disturbing application of them to features
of contemporary life.
他们揭露问
题往往只是在社会可以接受的老一套观点进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一
点过激的疑
问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。
They
will stress the “stimulation” the programs give,
but this soon becomes an
agitation of
problems for the sake of the interest of that
agitation itself; they
will therefore,
again, assist a form of acceptance of the status
quo (
现状
).
他们会通过电视
节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；
最后反过来又成
为让大家接受现状的推手。
There were
exceptions to this tendency, but they are
uncharacteristic.
（当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的。
The result can be seen in a hundred
radio and television programs as plainly
as in the normal treatment of public
issues in the popular press.
在广播电视节目中常能
看到这样的处理结果，就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简
单明了。
Different levels of background in
the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what
usually takes place is a substitute for
the process of arriving at judgement.
公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景情况，然而常常发生的是
Programs such as this are
noteworthy less for the “stimulation”
they offer than
for
the
fact
that
stimulation
(repeated
at
regular
intervals)
may
become
a
substitute
for and so a
hindrance to judgements carefully arrived at and
tested in the mind
and on the pulses.
Mass
communications,
then,
do
not
ignore
intellectual
matters;
they
tend
to
castrate
(
使…丧失活力
) them, to
allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace,
sleek and
useless, a family plaything.
5
、
Writing, as a career,
offers a range of personal rewards.
作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报。
It enables people to express
themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and
influence others.
写作让人表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人。
With
only
a
few
tools
--
paper,
a
typewriter,
a
pencil,
and
often
a
personal
computer,
a writer can have
an impact on the surrounding world.
仅仅需
要一纸、一台打印机、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作。
But most authors spend hundreds of
hours perfecting their skills before they can
sell any of their works.
然而，
绝大多数的作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作
技艺。
A
person
who
wants
to
be
a
writer
should
set
aside
some
time
to
write
every
day.
要想成为一个作家，每日行文是必须的。
Learning to
express ideas
clearly and effectively in writing
takes a great deal
of
.word
版
.
practice.
想要在文章中清晰、有效地表达自己的想法需要做大量的写作练习。
Many experienced writers keep a
journal.
许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯。
A journal can serve as a storehouse for
information, observations, and ideas.
日记是储存信息、观察和想法的宝库。
It can also be a place to develop new
material.
它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库。
Beginning writers should read many
kinds of writing encountered every day and
pay special attention to what they find
most interesting.
初学写作的人应该阅读日常碰到的各式各样的
作品，要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文
章。
News items, feature stories, textbooks,
cookbooks, repair manuals, poems, essays,
short
stories,
novels,
and
plays
differ
in
their
methods
of
organizing
and
presenting
material.
新闻、特写、教材、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现
素材的时候各有各的手法。
A
beginning writer who reads widely and carefully
will develop an appreciation of
different writing approaches and
styles.
通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和
写作风格作品的鉴赏
能力。
In
time, the writer can acquire a more flexible
approach to his or her own work.
随着时间的推
移，作家就可以在他
/
她的作品中游刃有余。
< br>
Successful authors write about
subjects they know and understand.
成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域。
They
sometimes
take
weeks
or
months
revising
or
refining
an
article,
poem,
or
story.
有时候他们会花数周甚至数月时间去修改、精
炼一篇文章、诗歌或者故事。
Beginning
writers
usually
benefit
from
finding
one
or
more
friendly
critics
who
will
read their work and discuss its
strengths and weaknesses with them.
初学写
作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会研读他们的作
品并与
他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点。
High
schools and colleges offer many learning
opportunities for young writers.
高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会。
Composition and literature courses can
be helpful.
作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助。
Creative writing and journalism courses
may further assist a beginning writer in
developing his or her skills.
< br>创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的人提升他
/
她的写作能力。
Many students
work on literary magazines, newspapers, or
yearbooks published by
their schools.
许多学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版工作。
They may write stories, edit articles,
or gain other valuable experience.
他们可能
在那儿写故事、编辑文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验。
6
、
Few
people
doubt
the
fundamental
importance
of
mothers
in
child-rearing,
.word
版
.
but what do
fathers do?
鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸
爸（的重要性）呢
Much of what they
contribute is simply the result of being a second
adult in the
home.
他们对家里面的贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的。
Bringing up children is demanding,
stressful and exhausting.
拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的。
Two adults can support and make up for
each other's deficiencies and build on each
other's strengths.
两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长。
Fathers also bring an array of unique
qualities.
爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以取得一系列特别的作用（
字面：独特的品质）
。
Some
are familiar: protector and role model.
其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样。
Teenage boys without fathers are
notoriously prone to trouble.
众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦。
The
pathway
to
adulthood
for
daughters
is
somewhat
easier,
but
they
must
still
learn
from
their fathers, in ways they cannot from their
mothers, how to relate to men.
女孩的成人之路
相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男
性相处，这一点
是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的。
They learn
from their fathers about heterosexual trust,
intimacy and difference.
她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别。
They
learn
to
appreciate
their
own
femininity
from
the
one
male
who
is
most
special
in
their lives.
她们要从一个男人身上学习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美
，而这个男人在她生命当中是那
么特殊。
Most important, through loving and
being loved by their fathers, they learn that
they are love-worthy.
最重要的是，
通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们不负所爱（字面：
她们是值得被
爱的）
。
Current
research gives much deeper -- and more surprising
-- insight into the
father's role in
child-rearing.
对于儿童成长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加
深刻且令人意外的发现。
One
significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is
play.
其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍。
From
their
children's
birth
through
adolescence,
fathers
tend
to
emphasize
play
more
than caretaking.
从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾。
The
father's
style
of
play
is
likely
to
be
both
physically
stimulating
and
exciting.
与父
亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面：身体上的刺激和让人兴奋）
。
With older children it involves
more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of
physical and mental skills.
与年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面
的小竞赛。
.word
版
.
It frequently
resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me
show you how.
这常常类似于一种教学关系——来吧，让我来教你怎么做。
Mothers play more at the child's level.
母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期。
They seem willing to let the child
direct play.
她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接。
（字面：她们更希望让孩子们直接玩。
）
Kids, at least in the early years, seem
to prefer to play with daddy.
至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍。
In one study of 2-5-year olds who were
given a choice, more than two-thirds chose
to play with their father.
一
个对
2-5
岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，当让这些小孩选择跟
谁玩时，超过三分之一小
孩得选择是他们的爸爸。
The way fathers play has effects on
everything from the management of emotions to
intelligence and academic achievement.
与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩。<
/p>
It is particularly important
in promoting self-control.
特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用。
According
to
one
expert,
who
roughhouse
with
their
fathers
quickly
learn
that biting, kicking and other forms of
physical violence are not acceptable.
按照
一位教授的原话：
“那些与他们父亲打闹的孩子们，早早就明白了打人和踢人或者其他<
/p>
形式的暴力行为都是不允许的。
”
They learn when to
他们知道何时“住手”
。
At play and in other realms, fathers
tend to stress competition, challenge,
initiative, risk taking and
independence.
在玩耍亦或是其他的一些地方，父亲往往会强调竞争、
挑战、主动、冒险和独立
Mothers, as
caretakers, stress emotional security and personal
safety.
（而）母亲作为看护者，强调的是情绪上和人身的安全感。
On the playground fathers often try to
get the child to swing even higher, while
mothers are cautious, worrying about an
accident.
在游乐场中，爸爸经常试着让孩子的秋千摆的更高，而妈妈却总是
小心翼翼担心意外。
7
、
（与第一篇重复）
Critics of early
schooling cite research that
questions
whether
4-year-old
children
are
ready
to
take
on
formal
learning.
Educators find
that older toddlers are more likely to succeed
during their school
careers, whereas
their younger counterparts are more likely to
fail. Kindergarten
children
who
turn
five
during
the
latter
half
of
the
year
seem
to
be
at
a
disadvantage
when
it
comes
to
physical,
emotional,
social,
and
intellectual
development.
Additionally, children who are nearly
six when they enter kindergarten tend to
receive
better
grades
and
score
higher
on
achievement
tests
throughout
their
schooling
experience
than
do
those
who
begin
kindergarten
having
just
turned
five.
Being
bright
and
verbally
skillful
and
being
ready
for
school
do
not
seem
to
be
the
same
thing.
It is
easy
to confuse the superficial poise
and sophistication of many
of today’s children with inner
maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early
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版
.