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1.
开口系统：
与外界既有物质交换又有能量交
换，把研究对象控制在某个空间。
---
定容积系统
An
Open
system
(or
a
control
volume
控制体积）
is
a
properly
selected region in space.
Both mass and
energy can
cross
the boundary of
a
control volume.
such as, A Water
heater, a turbine and a compressor, etc
< br>2.
闭口系统：
系统与外界只有能量（功量、热量）的交
换而无质量交换。——定
质量系统
A Closed
system (a control mass
控制质量
) consists of a fixed
amount
of
mass,
and
no
mass
can
cross
its
boundary.
That
is,
no
mass
enters
or leave a closed
system.
such as, Piston-cylinder
device (
汽缸
-
活塞装置）<
/p>
3.
绝热系统：
系统与外界只有功量和质量的交换，而无热量的交换。
Adiabatic
system is that no
heat cross
the
boundary or heat is
negligible compared
with
work cross the boundary
4.
孤
立系统：
系统与外界既无能量交换又无质量交换，
即系统与环境
不发生任何
作用。
Isolated
system
is
a
special
case
that
no
mass
and
energy
cross
the
boundary.
5.
热力学第一
定律：
自然界一切物体都具有能量，
能量有各种不同形式，
它能从
一种形式转化为另一种形式，
从一个
物体传递给另一个物体，
在转化和传递过程
中能量的总和不变。
The first explicit statement of the
first law of
thermodynamics
：
all
cases
in
which
work
is
produced
by
the
agency
of
heat, a quantity of heat is consumed
which is proportional to the work
done;
and conversely,
by
the
expenditure of an
equal quantity of
work an
equal quantity of heat is produ
ced.
6.
热力学第二定律
：
不可能把热从低温物体传到高温物体而不产生其他影响；
不
可能从单一热源取热使之完全转换为有用的功而不产生其他影响；
不可逆热
力过
程中熵的微增量总是大于零。
Second law of
thermodynamics
：
Impossible
to heat from low temperature
to high
temperature object object does not produce other
effects; not
possible from a single
heat source heat so completely converted into
useful
work
and
does
not
produce
other
effects;
irreversible
thermodynamic
entropy
in
the
process
of
the
incremental
volume
is
always
greater
than zero.
7.
锅炉：
锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。
Boilers
use
heat
to
convert water into steam for a variety
of applications.
8.
汽轮机
：将蒸汽的热能转换为机械能的叶轮式旋转原动机。
Steam Turbine is the impeller rotating
prime mover that the thermal
energy
of the steam is converted to mechanical energy
。
9.
省煤
器
：省煤器（英文名称
Economizer
< br>）就是锅炉尾部烟道中将锅炉给水加
热成汽包压力下的饱和水的受热面。
The
economizer
(Name
Economizer)
is
the
rear
of
the
boiler
flue
of
the
boiler
feed
water
is
heated
into
steam
drum
pressure saturated
water heating surface
。
10.
空预器：
空气预热器就是锅炉尾部烟道中的
烟气通过内部的散热片将进入锅
炉前的空气预热到一定温度的受热面。
< br> The
air
preheater
through
the
fins
of
the
internal
heating
surface
will
enter
the
air
is
preheated
to
a
certain
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