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高中英语名词用法详解

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2021-03-02 14:58
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2021年3月2日发(作者:导电嘴)









名词用法详解



名词是用来表示人名、地名、时间名称、事件名称及抽象概念的词,有专有名词


和普 通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。




Ⅰ名词的基本分类



1


、专有名词


:指人或物所特有的名字,通常是人名、地名、书报刊名、团体组< /p>


织、机关名等。



表示人名、


称呼或头衔


Jack, Mum, Chairman Mao, Uncle Sam


的名词。



不要带冠词的


表示星期、


月份或节日


Sunday,


October,


Teachers



Day,


专有名词



的名词



National Day, Spring Festival


表示国名、


地名或城市


China , Guangxi University, Beijing


名的名词




★表示“某某一家人”


the Greens,


格林一家




“某某夫妇”


的专有


the Wangs


王氏夫妇



名词



要带冠词的专


the United states, the Great Wall,


有名词



the


UN


(联合国)


,the


West


Lake,


the


带有定冠词的其它



Yellow River



the China Daily


(中


国日报)


, the People Daily


(人民日


报)



the Olympics




1



The


Olympic


Games


in


the


year


2008


_____


in


Beijing


of


China,


which


_____ known to us all.


A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was


C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is



2



The United states made up of 50 states




2


、普通名词:


指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称。



1




个体名词:指作为个体而存在的人或物。


bird, car, computer, doctor,


message, work, novel, movie


2



< br>集体名词:


指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。


army,


class,


cattle,


family,


group, police, public, staff



audience

< p>
★注意:


由于本身就是复数意义,


通常不再通过加


s


变成复数,


但是在主谓一致


关系中要看是否表示整体,


如果强调的是组成该集体的个体概念时谓语动 词用复


数,如果表示整体要用单数。



people, police, cattle


作主语时,谓语动词用复数。



class, family



team


作整体时,动词用单数。作成员时,动词用复数。




1



1. The whole class ___ greatly moved at his words.


A. is B. had C. were D. was



2



At


present,


Zhang



s


family


__rather


big,


with


twelve


people


in


all.


A. is B. are C. being D. was



3



The


Smith



s


family,


which


_____


rather


a


large


one,


_____


very


fond


of their old house.


A. were; were B. was; were


C. were; was


D. was; was



4



The team ____ having a meeting.


A. is B. are C. am D. be



5



In fact, _______ one cause that leads to the problem.


A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are



3




物质名 词:指无法分解为个体的物质、材料、食品、饮料、液体、气体、金


属等名称的词。


brick,


cloth,


cotton,


earth,


glass,


paper,


plastic,


sand,


beef, chicken, duck, fish, bread, sugar, water, rain, gas, ink, petrol,


smoke, fog, air


4)

抽象名词:指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念及学科、疾病


等名称的 词。


honesty


诚实


kindness


仁慈


imagination


想象力


wisdom




patience






courage




surprise








feeling






appreciation


欣赏


anger


愤怒


sorrow


悲伤


happiness


幸福


joy


高兴



danger

< p>
危险


celebration


< br>祝



blame


责备



behavior


行为



argument


争论


discovery


发现

< br> maths


数学


physics


物理


cancer


癌症



honor


荣誉


success


成功


failure


失败


information


信息




1



He is a success as a leader but he hasn't ____ in teaching.


A.


an


experience


B.


much


experience


C.


many


experiences


D.


a


lot


experience


例< /p>


2



During


Christmas,


people


get


together


and


sing


Christmas songs


for


____.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks



3



If you don't take much ____, you'll get fat.


A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise



5


)复合名词: 是指两个名词直接连在一起构成的复合词。


daylight


白昼



birthday





hea dmaster





grandparents







bookshelf





passer-by


过路人


swimming pool


游泳池


blackboard


黑板


income


收入



outcome


结果,成果


sister-in-law


嫂子


father-in-law


岳父


son-in-law


女婿







Ⅱ名词的数



名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。



1


、可数名词:


能用具体数字来计数的名词。可以单独和冠词、数 词连用。如:


an engineer,two factories.


可数名词复数的规则变化:



desk



desks brother



brothers


一般在词尾加


-s


map



maps bridge



bridges



mouth



mouths month





-s, -x, -sh, -ch



glass



glasses



box



boxes

< p>


stomach


的复数


尾的加


-es


brush



brushes watch



watches


形式 直接加


-s




factory



factories


country



以辅音字母加


-y


结尾的


countries



party



parties



词,把


y



i


再加


es


family



families < /p>


以元音字母加


y


结尾的

< br>boy



boys monkey



monkeys



词,直接加


-s


toy



toys


piano



pianos photo



photos



-o


结尾的词加


-s



-es


bamboo



bamboos radio



radios


zero




volcano


zoo



zoos kilo



kilos


火山有两种复数形


negro



Negroes



hero



heroes




黑人和英雄吃土豆和西

< p>
tomato



tomatoes



potato




红柿



potatoes


leaf



leaves half



halves


为了自己活命,小


wife



wives knife



knives


偷和他的妻子拿着< /p>



-f



-fe


结尾的词:


f,


shelf



shelves wolf



wolves


刀子和一片 树叶站


fe


变为


v

再加


-es


thief



thieves life



lives


在架子上,把狼劈


myself



ourselves


成两半。



cliff



cliffs roof



roofs


handkerc hief



直接加


-s


belief



beliefs


gulf



gulfs


两种复数形式



proof



proofs





1



The _____were covered with fallen ______.


;leafs. leaves. leaves. leafs.



2



He has twenty ______on his farm.


. . D. deers



3


< p>
Which do you prefer, _______ or ________?


s,tomatos s,tomatoes


es,tomatos es



4



There were a serious damage in these soldiers



.


A.



stomachs



可数名词复数的不规则变化













1


改变名词中的元音字母


man-men, woman- women, foot-feet, goose-geese,


或其他形式



mouse-mice


2


中国的计量单位无得数


li,


yuan,


jin,


但除人民币元 、角、分外,美元、英镑、


形式



法郎 等都有复数形式


dollars,pounds,francs


3


单复数相同



sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species


4


只有复数形式



ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,


compasses, contents


5


一些集体名词总是用作


people, police, cattle, staff


复数





部分集体名词既可以作


audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group,


6


单数


(整体)


也可以作复


co mmittee, government, population, crew, team,


数(成员)



public, enemy, party






customs(


海关


), forces(


军队


), times(


时代


),


7


复数形式表示特别含义



spirits(


情绪


), drinks(


饮料


), sands(


沙滩


),


papers(


文件报纸


), manners(


礼貌


), looks(


外表


),


brains(


头脑智力


), greens(


青菜


), ruins(


废墟


)







-s


Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,




表示



Europeans,humans


8


“某


单复数同形



Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese




-man


或< /p>


-woman


Englishmen, Frenchwomen


人”



结尾的改为


-men,-women






将主体名词变为复


sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by,


9


合成




story-tellers, boy friends


名词



无主体名词时将最


grown-ups, housewives,


后一部分变为复数



go- between


中间人,媒人


go-betweens



man/woman



women singers, men servants


定语的名词,两者


woman teacher



women teachers


要变为复数。



man doctor



men doctors


man cook



men cooks


woman writer



women writers







maths



politics

< p>


physics


等学科名词,为不可数名


10



s


结尾,< /p>


仍为单数的名


词,是单数。②


news


是不可数名词。③


the United




States



the United Nations


应视为单数。④以复数形


式出现的书名,剧名 ,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。



11


表示由两部分构成的东


glasses (


眼镜


)


trousers,


clothes


若表达具体数


西

< p>


目,


要借助数量词


pair(


对,



);


suit(



);


a


pair


of


glasses; two pairs of trousers


12


英语中的某些外来词,



bacterium



bacteria< /p>


细菌


penny


pennies/pence


便


复数变化很特殊

< p>



medium


→< /p>


media


媒体


datum



data


资料


phenomenon



phenomena


现象


formula



formulae


公式


basis



b ases


基础


thesis


→< /p>


theses


论文


crisis



crises





13


其他的复数形式



年份:加

< p>
s


或’


s the


1980s


(或


1980

< p>


s


)二十世纪


八十年 代缩写词:加


s


或’


s


VIPs



VIP



s


(贵宾们)


英文字母等,加’


s Mind your p



s and q



s.


14


名词原形直接作定语


(不


room numbers coffee cups shoe factories


表 示所有关系)


,相当于


geography lessons tooth brushes power plants


welcome parties heart troubles


偏正词组,


只变主要名词



15


有的名词习惯于用复数


p


arents meeting(


家长会


) goods train(


货车


)


作定语,也只变主要名


sales department (


销售部


)


词。



sports meet(


运动会


)






中< /p>









< p>





;many,many


a,lots


of/a


lot


of,a


great/good number of,plenty of,a few/quite a few,few


等。




1



I need ____


___ cloth, for I’m going to make


_______ clothes.


A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot



2



Here are so many at the foot of the mountain.




3In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn


’t ____ oil here.



A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many


4



Since 1974 there have been two in this city.


mayors B. woman mayor.C. women mayors mayor



5



He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.


A. comrade-in-arms C. comrades-in-arm


B. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm



6

< br>:


There are four and two in the group.


A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen


C. Japanese,German se, Germans



7:There are six and seven in the pond


;gooses ;goose C. duck;geese D. duck;geeses


例< /p>


8



Physics _____ with matter and motion.


A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are



9



_______is standing at the corner of the street.


A. A police police C. Police D. A policeman

2


、不可数名词:


不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。一 般情况下,不可数名


词没有数的变化,


不可直接与不定冠词


aan


和数词连用,


但是,


在下列情况下,


不可数名词可以转化为可数名词。




1



The teacher praised him for ______he had________.


A. the progress…made




B. the progresses…made



C. a progress…made




D. progress…taken



分析:


progress


是不可数名词,

不能变复数或与


a


连用;


根据词组


make


progress



只选


A


项。




2



He gains his _______ by printing _______of famous writers.


A .wealth, work



B. wealths, works


C. wealth, works



D. wealths, work


分析:


wealth


意为“财富”,是不可数名 词,


works


表示“著作、作品”,故选


C


项。




3



James took the magazines off the little table to make ______ for


the television.


A. room B. area C. field D. position



4



The room was small and contained far too ______.


new furniture C. much new furnitures


new furniture D. many new furnitures



5



Let me give you ________.


advice. s C. an advice advice.



1


)可转化为可数名词的物质名词


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