-
Unit 1
Pirates of the Internet
It‘s
no
secret
that
online
piracy
has
decimated
the
music
industry
as
millions of people stopped buying CDs
and started stealing their favorite
songs by downloading them from the
internet. Now the hign-tech thieves
are
coming
after
Hollywood.
Illegal
downloading
of
full-length
feature
films is a relatively new phenomenon,
but it‘s becoming easier and easier
to
do.
The
people
running
America‘s
movie
studios
know
that
if
they
don‘t
do
something
----and
fast---they
could
be
in
the
same
boat
as
the
record
companies.
Correspodent:
―What‘s
really
at
stake
for
the
movie
industry
with
all
this
privacy
?‖
Chernin:
―Well,
I
think,
you
know,
ultimately, our absolute features.‖
Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox,
one
of
the
biggest
studios
in
Hollywood.
He
knows
the
pirates
of
the
Internet
are
gaining
on
him.
Correspont:
―Do
you
know
how
many
movies
are
being
downloaded
today,
in
one
day,
in
the
United
States
?‖
Chernin:
―I
think
it‘s
probably
in
the
hundreds
of
thousands,
if
not
millions
.‖
Correspondent:
―And
it‘s only
going to grow.‖
Chernin:
―It‘s
only going to grow.
√
Somebody can put a perfect
digital copy up on the
internet.
A
perfect
digital
copy,
all
right.
And
with
the
click
of
mouse,
send out a million copies all over the
world, in an
instant.‖
5
And
it‘s
all
free.
If
that
takes
hold,
kiss
Hollywood
goodbye.
Chernin
recently
organized
a
―summit‖
between
studio
moguls
and
some
high
school
and
college
kids---the
people
most
likely
to
be
downloading.
Chernin: ―And
we said, ?Let‘s come up with a challenge. Let‘s
give them
five movies, and see if they
can find them online.‘ And we all sat around
and picked five movies, four of which
hadn‘t been released yet. And then
we
came back half an hour later. They had found all
five movies that we
gav
e
them.
‖
Correspondent:
―Even
the
ones
that
hadn‘t
even
been
released
yet?‖
Chernin:
―Even
the
ones
that
hadn‘t
even
been
released
yet.‖
Correspondent:
―Did
these
kids
have
any
sense
that
they
were
stealing?‖ Chernin: ―You know it‘s…
it‘s a weird dichotom
y. I think they
know
it‘s
stealing,
and
I
don‘t
think
they
think
it‘s
wrong.
I
think
they
have an attitude of, ?It‘s here.‘‖ The
Internet copy of last year‘s hit Signs,
starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even
before director M. Night Shyamalan
could organize
the premiere.
Correspondent: ―The movie was about to be
released. When did the first bootleg
copy appear?‖
6
Shyamalan:
―Two
weeks
before
it
or
three
weeks
before
it.
Before
the
Internet
age,
when
somebody
bootlegged
a
movie,
the
only
outlet
they
had
was to see it to those vendors on Times Square,
where they had the
boxes set up outside
and they say, ?Hey, we have
Signs
---
it‘s not even out
yet.‘ And you walk by and you know it‘s
illegal. But now, because it‘s the
digital age, you can see, like, a clean
copy
. It‘s no longer the kind of the
sleazy
guy
in
Times
Square
with
the
box.
It‘s
just,
oh,
it‘s
on
this
beautiful
site, and I have to go, ?Click.‘‖ Correspondent:
―How did those
movies get on the
Internet? How did that happen?‖ Chernin: ―Through
an
absolute
act
of
theft.
Someone
steals
a
print
from
the
editor‘s
room;
someone
steals
a
print
from
the
person;
the
composer
who‘s
doing
the
music…absolute physical theft, steals a
print, makes a digital copy, and
uploads it.
‖ Correspondent:
―And there you go.‖ Digit
al copies like
this
one of The Matrix Reloaded have
also been bootlegged from DVDs sent
to
reviewers
or
ad
agencies,
or
circulated
among
companies
that
do
special
effects,
or
subtitles.
Chernin:
―The
other
way
that
pre
-released
movies end up (stolen) is
th
at people go to … there are lots of
screenings
that
happen
in
this
industry…
People
go
to
those
screenings
with
a
camcorder,
with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn
the camcorder
on…‖
Correspondent:
―And
record
it.‖
This
is
one
of
those
recorded-off-
the-
screen copies of Disney‘s Pirates
of the Caribbean. Not
great
quality,
but
not
awful
either.
And
while
it
used
to
take
forever
to
download
a
movie,
anyone
with
a
high-speed
Internet
connection
can
now have a full-length
film in an hour or two.
Saaf:
―Well,
this
is
just
one
of
many
websites
where
basically
people,
hackers if
you
will, announce their
piracy
releases.‖
Randy
Saaf
runs
a
company called
Media Defender that helps movie studios
combat online
piracy.
Correspondent: ―Look at this, all these
new movies that I haven‘t
even seen
yet, all here.‖ Saaf: ― Yep.‖ Correspondent:
―Secondhand Lions
that
just
came
out.
Sometimes
I
feel
like
I‘m
the
only
person
in
this
country who has never
downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few
others of us out there.
So
I‘m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that‘s
the
biggest
downloading
site,
right?‖
Saaf:
―Right.
This
is
the
Kazaa
media
desktop.
Kazaa
is
the
largest
peer-
to-
peer
network.‖
It‘s
called
peer-
to-peer because computer users are sharing files
8
with
each
other,
with
no
middleman.
All
Kazaa
do
es
is
provide
the
software to make that sharing possible.
When we went online with Randy
Saaf,
nearly
four
million other
Kazaa
users
were
there
with
us,
sharing
every kind of digital file. Saaf:
―Audio, documents,
images, software,
and
video. If you wanted a movie, you
would click on the video section, and
then you would type in a search phrase.
And basically what this is doing
now,
it
is
asking
the
people
on
the
peer-to-
peer
network,
?Who
has
Finding
Memo‘?‖
Within
seconds,
191
computers
sent
an
answer:
―We
have it.‖ This is
Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded
free
from
Kazaa
a
month
before
its
release
for
video
rental
or
sale.
If
you
don‘t want
to watch it on a little computer screen, you don‘t
have t
o. On
the newest
computers, you can just ―burn‖ it onto a DVD and
watch it on
your
big-screen
TV
.
5.
And
that‘s
a
dagger
pointed
right
at
the
heart
of
Hollywood.
Chernin: ―Where movies make the bulk of
their money is on
DVD and home videos.
50 percent of the revenues for any movie come
out of home video…‖ Correspondent: ―15
percent?‖ Chernin: ―50 percent
so
that
if
piracy
occurs
and
it
wipes
out
your
home
video
profits
or
ultimately your television profits, you
are out of business. No movies will
get
made.‖
Even
if
movies
did
get
made,
Night
Shyamalan
says
that
wouldn‘t
be
any
good,
because
profits
would
be
negligible,
so
budgets
would
shrink
dramatically.
Shyamalan:
―And
slowly
it
will
degrade
what‘s
possible
in
that
art
form.‖
Rosso:
―
Technology
always
wins.
Always.
You can‘t shut it
down.‖ Wayne Rosso is Hollywood‘s enemy.
They
call
him
a
pirate,
but
officially
he‘s
the
president
of
Grokster,
another peer-to-
peer network that works just like Kazaa.
Correspondent:
―Ok, I have
downloaded your softwar
e.‖
Rosso: ―Right.‖ Correspondent:
―Ok,
did
I
pay
to
do
that?‖
Rosso:
―No,
it‘s
free.‖
Correspondent:
―So
who pays you? How do you
make money?‖ Rosso: ―We‘re like radio
.
We
are
advertising-
supported.‖
Correspondent:
―And
how
many
people
use
Grokster?‖
Rosso:
―Ten
million.‖
Correspondent:
―Ten
million
people
have
used
it.‖
Rosso:
―A
month.‖
Correspondent:
―Every
month,
ten
million people?‖ Rosso:
―Uh
-huh, uh-
huh. And
growing.‖
10
Correspondent:
―
Use
it
to
download
music,
movies,
software,
video
games
,
what
else?‖
Rosso:
―I
will
assume.
See,
we
have
no
way
of
knowing
what people are downloading.‖ Correspondent:
―That‘s
just a fig
leaf.
You
are
facilitating,
allowing,
helping
people
steal.
‖
Rosso:
―We
have
no idea
what the
content
is,
and
whatever
it is…‖
Correspondent:
―Well,
you
may
not know the specifics, but you know that‘s what
your
site…‖
Rosso:
―And
we
can‘t
stop
it.
We
have
no
control
over
it.
‖
Correspondent: ―But you are there for
that purpose, that is why you exist,
of
course it is.‖ Rosso: ―No, no, no, no,
no,
no.‖ Correspondent:
―Come
on, this is the fig leaf part.‖
Rosso: ―No, no, no, no, no.‖ Shyamalan:―He
is totally conformable with putting on
his site a stolen piece of material.
Am
I
wrong
in
that?
If
my
movie
was
bootlegged,
he‘d
be
totally
comfortable
putting
it
on
his
site?‖
Correspondent:
―Because
I
have
nothing
to
do
with
it.‖
Shyamalan:―Yeah,
right.‖
Correspondent:
―Because
I
just
provided
the
software.‖
Shyamalan:―Yeah,
right.
So,
immediately, how can you
ever have a
11
conversation
with
him?
Because
he‘s
taken
a
stolen
material
and
he
is
totally
fine
with
passing
it
around
in
his
house.
All
these,
all
these
are
illegal
activities. So, I‘m not, it‘s just my house, I‘m
not doing anything
wrong.‖ But it is
Rosso who has the law on his side. A federal
ju
dge has
ruled
that
Grokster
and
other
file-swapping
networks
are
not
liable
for
what
their downloaders
are doing.
Rosso:
―So
we
are
completely
legal,
and unfortunately
this is something the entertainment industry
refuses to
accept. They seem to think
the j
udge‘s decision was
nothing
but a typo.
‖
The
studios
are
appealing
that
court
ruling.
And
they
may
follow
the
music industry and begin
to sue individuals who download movies. And
they are fighting the pirates in other
ways, with ads about people whose
jobs
are
at
risk
because
of
the
piracy---people
like
the
carpenters
and
painters who work on
film sets. At the same time, Hollywood is trying
to
keep copies of movies from leaking
in the first place.
Chernin: ― You will
very
seldom
go
to
an
early
screening
of
a
movie
right
now
where,
probably
you don‘t notice until you pay
attention, someone‘s not in the
front
of
that
auditorium
with
infrared
binoculars
looking
for
somebody
with a
camcorder.‖
12
And once a movie is released, or copies
do begin to leak, the studios hire
people like Randy Saaf to hack the
hackers.
Saaf: ―What we‘re just trying
to do is make the actual pirated
content difficult to find. And the way we
do
that
is
by,
you
know,
serving
up
fake
files.‖
It‘s
called
―spoofing.‖
Saaf and his employees spend their days
on Kazaa and Grokster, offering
up
thousands
of
files
that
look
like
copies
of
new
movies
,
but
aren‘t.
Correspondent:
―So
if
I
had
clicked
on
any
number
of
those
Finding
Nemo offerings, I
could have clicked on one of yours, or somebody
like
you.
And
what
would
I
have
found
after
my
hour
and
a
half
of
downloading?‖ Saaf: ―it might just be a
blank screen or something. You
know,
typically speaking, what we push out is just not
the real content.‖
Correspondent: ―What
you are trying to do is make
this so
impossible, so
infuriating
that
people
will
just
throw
up
their
hands
and
say
it‘s
just
easier
for
me
to
go
rent
this
thing,
buy
the
DVD
or
whatever,
it‘s
just
easier.‖
Saaf:
―Right.‖
Correspondent:
―That‘s
your
goal.‖
Saaf
：
：
―Right.‖
13
Correspon
dent:
―Does
that
work?
Is
that
a
good
idea?‖
Rosso:
―No.
It
doesn‘t
work.
I
mean
I
don‘t
blame
them
but
it
doesn‘t
work
because
what
happens
is
that
the
community
cleanses
itself
of
the
spoofs.‖
He
means that downloaders
quickly spread the word online about how to tell
the fake movie files from the real
thing. Correspondent: ―It‘s like an arms
race(
军备竞赛）
, isn‘t
it?‖ Chernin: ―That‘s exactly what it‘s like. It‘s
like
an arms race. There will be, you
know, they‘re gonna get a step ahead.
We‘re
gonna
try
and
get
that
step
back.‖
Rosso:
―But
I‘ll
tell
you
one
thing:
I‘ll
bet
on
the
hackers.‖
Correspondent:
―That
they
will
break
whatever…‖
Rosso:
―The
studios
come
up
with.‖
Correspondent:
―The
companies throw at them.‖
Hollywood knows that downloading off
the Internet is the way millions
of
consumers want to get their
entertainment---
and that isn‘t going
away.
Chernin:
―The
generally
accepted
estimate
is
that
more
that
60
million
Americans have
downloaded file-
sharing software onto
their computers.‖
Correspondent:
―60 million.‖
14
Chernin: ―At 60 million Americans,
that‘s a mainstream product. That‘s
not
a
bunch
of
college
kids
or,
you
know,
a
bunch
of
computer
geeks.
That‘s America.‖ So,
instead of trying to stop it entirely,
the studios are
looking for
ways to embrace it, but get paid too. Wayne Rosso
says the
best way is to negotiate some
kinds of licensing deal with him. Rosso: ―If
the
movie
industry
acts
now
and
starts
exploring
alternatives
and
solutions
with
guys
like
me,
hopefully
they
won‘t
have
a
problem.‖
Correspondent:
―What
if
they
try
to
buy
you?‖
Rosso:
―I‘d
sell
it
in
al
heartbeat.‖
Correspondent:
―You
would
sell,
Grokster
would
sell
to
a
movie
studio?‖
Rosso:
―Sure,
call
me.‖
The
idea
of
making
deals
with
wha
t
Peter
Chernin
calls
―a
bunch
of
crooks‖
doesn‘t
appeal
to
Hollywood. Instead, Fox and other
studios have just launched their own
site, Movielink, where consumers can
download a film for a modest fee,
between three and five
dollars
. Chernin: ―I think you would
love the idea
that you don‘t have
to
go to the video store.
You can do this. And that‘s
what we‘re
working
15
on.
But in order for that to be effective, we have to
stop privacy, because
the most
effective business model in the world can‘t
compete with free.‖
Not that Peter
Chernin is interes
ted, but he won‘t
have the chance to buy
Grokster,
at
least
not
from
Wayne
Rosso.
A
few
days
ago,
Rosso
announced that he is leaving Grokster
to take over as president of another
file-swapping software company, this
one based in Spain. Grokster will
continue under new management.
Unit 2
A plan to
build the world's first airport for launching
commercial spacecraft
in New Mexico is
the latest development in the new space race, a
race among private
companies and
billionaire entrepreneurs to carry paying
passengers into space and to
kick-start
a new industry, astro tourism.
The
man
who
is
leading
the
race
may
not
be
familiar
to
you,
but
to
astronauts,
pilots,
and
aeronautical
engineers
–
basically
to
anyone
who
knows
anything
about
aircraft
design
–
Burt
Rutan
is
a
legend,
an
aeronautical
engineer
whose
latest
aircraft
is
the
world's
first
private
spaceship.
As
he
told
60
Minutes
correspondent Ed Bradley
when he first met him a little over a year ago, if
his idea
flies, someday space travel
may be cheap enough and safe enough for ordinary
people
to go where only astronauts have
gone before
The
White
Knight
is
a
rather
unusual
looking
aircraft,
built
just
for
the
purpose
of
carrying
a
rocket
plane
called
SpaceShipOne,
the
first
spacecraft
built
by
private
enterprise.
White
Knight
and
SpaceShipOne
are
the
latest
creations
of
Burt
Rutan.
They're part of his
dream to develop a commercial travel business in
space.
in 12 or 15 years,
there will be tens of thousands, maybe even
hundreds of thousands
of people that
fly, and see that black sky,
On June 21, 2004, White Knight took off
from an airstrip in Mojave, Calif.,
carrying Rutan's spaceship. It took 63
minutes to reach the launch altitude of 47,000
feet. Once there, the White Knight crew
prepared to release the spaceship.
The
fierce
acceleration
slammed
Mike
Melvill,
the
pilot,
back
in
his
seat.
He
put
SpaceShipOne into a near
vertical trajectory, until, as planned, the fuel
ran out.
Still climbing like a spent
bullet, Melvill hoped to gain as much altitude as
possible to
reach space before the ship
began falling back to earth.
By the time the spaceship reached the
end of its climb, it was 22 miles off
course.
But
it
had,
just
barely,
reached
an
altitude
of
just
over
62
miles
—
the
internationally recognized boundary of
space.
It was the news Rutan had been
waiting for. Falling back to Earth from an
altitude of
62 miles, SpaceShipOne's
tilting wing, a revolutionary innovation called
the feather,
caused the rocket plane to
position itself for a relatively benign re-entry
and turned the
spaceship into a glider.
SpaceShipOne glided to a flawless
landing before a crowd of thousands.
I felt like I was floating
around and just once in
a
while touching the ground,
Rutan's
cost
of
just
$$25
million.
He
believes
his
success
has
ended
the
government's
monopoly on space travel, and opened it
up to the ordinary citizen.
because he had the incentive
for a business,
Does Rutan view this as
a business venture or a technological challenge?
Rutan started building model
airplanes when he was seven years old, in Dyenuba,
Calif., where he grew up.
was
fascinated
by
putting
balsa
wood
together
and
see
how
it
would
fly,
he
remembers.
a trophy by
making a better model, then I was
hooked.
He's been hooked ever since. He
designed his first airplane in 1968 and flew it
four
years
later.
Since
then
his
airplanes
have
become
known
for
their
stunning
looks,
innovative design and
technological sophistication.
Rutan
began
designing
a
spaceship
nearly
a
decade
ago,
after
setting
up
set
up
his
own
aeronautical
research
and
design
firm.
By
the
year
2000,
he
had
turned
his
designs into models and
was testing them outside his office.
When I got to the point that I knew
that I could make a safe spaceship that
would
fly
a
manned
space
mission
--
when
I
say,
'I,'
not
the
government,
our
little
team -- I told Paul
Allen, 'I think we can do this.' And he
immediately said, 'Go with
it.'
Paul Allen
co-founded Microsoft and is one of the richest men
in the world.
His decision to pump $$25
million into Rutan's company, Scaled Composites,
was the
vote of confidence that his
engineers needed to proceed.
told, 'Well, you can't do
that. You wanna see? We can do
this,
Work
on
White
Knight
and
SpaceShipOne
started
four
years
ago
in
secret.
Both
aircraft
were
custom
made
from
scratch
by
a
team
of
12
engineers
using
layers
of
tough
carbon
fabric
glued
together
with
epoxy.
Designed
to
be
light-weight,
SpaceShipOne
can withstand the stress of re-entry because of
the radical way it comes
back into the
atmosphere, like a badminton shuttlecock or a
birdie.
He showed
60
Minutes
how it works.
the
wing
is
kind
of
a
dramatic
thing,
in
that
it
changes
the
whole
configuration of the
airplane,
after you fly into
space.
altitudes.
And some of them have even come down upside down.
And the airplane by
itself straightens
itself right up,
By
September 2004, Rutan was ready for his next
challenge: an attempt to win a $$10
million prize to be the first to fly a
privately funded spacecraft into space, and do it
twice in two weeks.
the most important thing was
to win that prize,
That
prize was the Ansari X Prize
–
an extraordinary
competition created in
1996 to
stimulate private investment in space.
The first of the two flights was
piloted, once again, by Mike Melvill.
September's flight put Melville's skill
and training to the test. As he was climbing out
of the atmosphere, the spacecraft
suddenly went into a series of rolls.
How concerned was he?
plane when I've got the
controls in my hand. I always believed I can fix
this no matter
how bad it
gets,
SpaceShipOne rolled 29 times
before he regained control. The remainder of the
flight
was
without
incident,
and
Melvill
made
the
20-minute
glide
back
to
the
Mojave
airport. The landing
on that September afternoon was flawless.
Because Rutan wanted to
attempt the second required flight just four days
later, the engineers had little time to
find out what had gone wrong. Working 12-hour
shifts, they discovered they didn't
need to fix the spacecraft, just the way in which
the
pilots flew it.
For
the
second
flight,
it
was
test
pilot
Brian
Binnie's
turn
to
fly
SpaceShipOne.
The spaceship flew upward on a perfect
trajectory, breaking through to space.
Rutan's SpaceShipOne had flown to space
twice in two weeks, captured the X Prize
worth $$10 million, and won bragging
rights over the space establishment.
space agency,
the
Boeings, the Lockheeds, the nay-say people at
Houston, I think they're looking at
each other now and saying 'We're
screwed!' Because, I'll tell you something, I have
a
hell of a lot bigger goal than they
do!
space
suit,
an awful thing. It constrains you
and it has noisy fans running. Now look over here.
It's
quiet.
And
you're
out
here
watching
the
world
go
by
in
what
you
might
call
a
'spiritual
dome.'
Well,
that,
to
me,
is
better
than
a
space
suit
because
you're
not
constrained.
He
also
has
a
vision
for
a
resort
hotel
in
space,
and
says
it
all
could
be
accomplished in the
foreseeable future. Rutan believes it is the dawn
of a new era.
He explains,
go to space. And not only that, we've
convinced a rich guy, a very rich guy, to come to
this country and build a space program
to take everyday people to space.
That
Atlantic
Airlines.
Branson
has
signed
a
$$120
million
deal
with
Rutan
to
build
five
spaceships for paying customers. Named
a
profitable business, that that will lead into
affordable orbital travel,
Rutan thinks
there
With tickets initially going for
$$200,000, the market is limited. Nevertheless,
Virgin
Galactic says 38,000 people have
put down a deposit for a seat, and 90 of those
have
paid the full $$200,000.
But
Rutan
has
another
vision.
goal
is
affordable
travel
above
low-
Earth orbit. In other words, affordable travel for
us to go to the moon. Affordable
travel. That means not just NASA
astronauts, but thousands of people being able to
go
to the moon,
By Harry
Radliffe
United
3
For 300 years, the sea has been
closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal
erosion continues, it is estimated the
city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good
weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the
city begins what is likely to be the biggest
demolition
project
in
U.S.
history,
the
question
is,
can
we
or
should
we
put
New
Orleans back together
again?
Life
has
been
returning
to
high
and
dry
land
on
Bourbon
Street,
but
to
find
the
monumental challenge facing the city
you have to visit neighborhoods you have never
heard
of.
On
Lizardi
Street,
60
Minutes
took
a
walk
with
the
men
in
charge
of
finishing what Katrina started.
Correspondent Scott
Pelley
reports.
Before
Katrina,
would
be
noise
and
activity
and
families
and
people,
and
children, and, you know, I haven't seen
a child in a month here,
city official
who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying
to figure out how much
of the city will
have to be demolished.
Meffert,
who
is
in
charge
of
city
planning,
says
it
is
possible
up
to
50,000
houses
will
have
to
be
bulldozed.
Right
now,
most
of
the
homes
in
the
city
are
uninhabitable.
Meffert faces a difficult
task. Every time he goes to a house site here, he
says,
one more knife in me that says,
'She did another one. She did another
one,'
Meffert,
When you walk through these
neighborhoods and you see the houses, you get a
sense
of the pain of the individual
families. But you don't get a sense of what has
happened
to the city of New Orleans
itself.
It is estimated
that there were 200,000 homes in New Orleans, and
120,000 of them
were damaged by the
flood.
The
part
of
the
city
known
as
the
lower
Ninth
Ward
received
some
of
the
heaviest
flooding. The houses are splintered
block after block after block, almost as if the
city
had been carpet-bombed in war.
Meffert says that before
the storm, New Orleans had a population of
470,000-480,000
people. Realistically,
he thinks that half of those residents won't be
coming back.
The
possessions of thousands of families, the stuff
collected over lifetimes is suddenly
garbage, clawed up into mountains in
city parks. With so much gone already, should
New Orleans pick up right where it was?
should
be
thinking
about
a
gradual
pullout
of
New
Orleans,
and
starting
to
rebuild people's homes, businesses and
industry in places that can last more than 80
years,
Kusky
talks
about
a
withdrawal
of
the
city
and
explains
that
coastal
erosion
was
thrown into fast forward by Katrina. He
says by 2095, the coastline will pass the city
and New Orleans will be what he calls a
New
Orleans
is
going
to
be
15
to
18
feet
below
sea
level,
sitting
off
the
coast of North America surrounded by a
50- to 100-foot-tall levee system to protect
the city,
He says
the city will be completely surrounded by the Gulf
of Mexico just 90 years
from now.
Since
this
story
aired
on
Nov.
20,
there
has
been
considerable
discussion
about
whether New Orleans really is sinking,
including on
CBS News' blog, Public
Eye
.
25 to 30 square
miles per year. That's two acres per hour that are
sinking below sea
level,
That process could only be slowed, in
theory, by massive restoration of wetlands. In
the
meantime,
while
Kusky's
advice
is
to
head
for
the
hills,
some
New
Orleans
residents are hoping
to head home.
Vera Fulton
has lived most of her 81 years on Lizardi Street
and returned to her home
recently for
the first time since being evacuated.
they
say
'storm,'
I
leave.
I
can't
swim
and
I
can't
drink
it.
So
what
I
do,
I
leave,
Vera is intent on coming back.
Three generations of
Fultons, Vera's son Irvin Jr., his wife Gay and
their son Irvin, 3rd,
live around
Lizardi Street.
Irvin says
his house is
That's the
dilemma. The only thing they have left is land
prone to disaster. They want
to
rebuild, and the city plans to let them.
At
Vera's
house,
Mike
Centenio,
the
city's
top
building
official,
told
60
Minutes
homes can
go up as long as they meet what is called the
The federal government had
set a flood-level, but didn't figure on a levee
failure that
would flood parts of the
city.
The official level is
several feet off the ground. If people meet the
requirement, they
can rebuild their
homes, despite the fact that we saw, for example,
a refrigerator lifted
to the top of a
carport by the floodwaters.
Asked whether allowing people to
rebuild makes sense, Centenio says it is
take some studying.
Right now, he says the flood level
requirement is the law.
Twelve weeks after the storm hit, no
one has an answer to where people should go. An
estimated 80,000 homes had no
insurance, and for now, the biggest grant a family
can
get from the federal government is
$$26,200.
Those without
flood insurance face an uncertain road ahead,
trying to piece their lives
and homes
back together.
getting back to where they
were. It's just a matter of how much you
lost,
No one wants to risk
more losses until the levees are fixed but there
is
not a lot of
confidence
in that. There's evidence some of the levee walls
may have failed from bad
design or
lousy workmanship.
Fixing
them is up to Colonel Richard Wagenaar, who told
60 Minutes
, that by next
summer, the levees will withstand a
Category 3 storm.
But
for a
Category
5 storm,
Congress
would have to double the levee height to 30 feet.
Col. Wagenaar says building
a 30-foot flood control system around the city
could take
five to ten years, and cost
billions of dollars.
Asked
whether
he
would
live
in
New
Orleans
if
the
levees
were
restored
to
pre-
Katrina levels, Col. Wagenaar said he would, after
a long pause.
Another thing that gives you pause is
the fact that one of the world's largest pumping
systems can't keep the city dry with
broken levees.
60
Minutes
was there in September during
Hurricane Rita. Crews were fighting with
everything they had, cooling a pump
with a hose and a coat hanger. When the station
flooded during Katrina, Gerald Tilton
dove under water to open valves.
Since then, Tilton and his men have
been living at the station.
have been
destroyed but a large number of us are still here
doing the job that we get
paid to
do,
Tilton says he hasn't
seen his home since the storm hit and only took
one thing from
the house when he left:
his diploma.
the one thing that I
wanted. I know it might sound crazy.
But sharp minds and heroism couldn't
stop a second flood.
It
took
another
two
weeks
to
dry
out
and
count
the
losses.
Now,
inspectors
with
laptops are identifying ruined houses.
house
in
New
Orleans
is
loaded
into
this
database,
explains
Centineo.
The
reports are sent
instantly
to a computer at
city hall, where the
database is linked to
aerial images of
every address, both before and after.
When the reports are in, they will know
how many billions it will take to rebuild, but
not where that money is coming from.
Mike Centineo showed us,
at
his
house,
that
you can't
appreciate
the loss
until
you
walk through the door. He lost pretty
much everything in his home.
What hurts
is family photos. They went under water and I
pulled them out to try to
salvage what
I could,
Centineo
says
he
understands,
probably
better
than
any
building
official
ever
has,
what
the victims of Katrina are going through.
them.
He is one
of about 400,000 people still unable to come home.
That's the worst part
now, the
deflation of the Big Easy.
There are too few people to pay taxes
or keep businesses going. The world's largest
domed stadium doesn't have a football
team; In New Orleans, these days, not even the
Saints go marching in.
Meffert
has
some
clear
feelings
on
whether
the
nation
should
commit
billions
of
dollars and several years
to protect the city.
to
decide
whether
it
really
is
what
we
tell
the
world
what
we
are.
Or
are
we
just
saying
that?
Because
if
we
are
that
powerful,
if
we
are
that
focused,
if
we
are
that
committed
to
all
of
our
citizens,
then
there
is
no
decision
to
make.
Of
course
you
rebuild it,
By
Shawn Efran/Rebecca Peterson
Unit 4
For much of 2005, the
news out of Iraq has overshadowed what has been
going on in Afghanistan, where 18,000
U.S. troops are still fighting and dying along
the Pakistan border in battles with the
Taliban, al Qaeda and other Muslim extremist
groups.
The rest
of Afghanistan, at least compared to Iraq, appears
relatively peaceful. But the
country is
facing another threat to its stability
—
its growing addiction the
production
and trafficking of heroin,
which is controlled by some of the most powerful
people in
the country.
Correspondent Steve
Kroft
reports.
Afghanistan
is
now
the
world's
largest
exporter
of
heroin,
and
the
opium
used
to
produce
it,
supplying
87
percent
of
the
world
market.
And
it
is
creating
an
infrastructure
of
crime
and
corruption
that
threatens
the
government
of
President
Hamid Karzai.
The heroin trade begins
with fields of opium poppies grown in almost every
province
of
Afghanistan.
Last
year,
according
to
the
U.S.
state
department,
206,000
hectares
were cultivated, a
half a million acres, producing 4,000 tons of
opium, most of which
was converted into
400 tons of illegal morphine and heroin in
laboratories around the
country.
How much opium and heroin
is that?
amount
of
heroin
or
of
any
drug
that
I
think
has
ever
been
produced
by
any
one
country in any given
year,
secretary
of
state
for
International
Narcotics
and
Law
Enforcement,
overseeing
anti-drug operations in Afghanistan.
Charles
says
Afghanistan
is
producing
more
heroin
than
Colombia
is
producing
cocaine.
After
25
years
of
war,
it
is
the
country's
main
cash
crop,
contributing
nearly
three
billion
dollars
a
year
in
illegal
revenues
to
the
Afghan
economy,
which
equals
50
percent of the gross national product.
The laundered proceeds are
no doubt funding much of the rebuilding of Kabul,
which
is experiencing a major
construction boom.
But
the
best
way
to
illustrate
the
sheer
volume
of
the
drug
trade
is
to
tour
the
basement
vault
underneath
Afghanistan's
Counter
Narcotics
police
in
Kabul,
where
one and a half tons of heroin, just
seized in the provinces, was awaiting destruction.
One
and
a
half
tons
of
pure
heroin
is
much
larger
than
the
biggest
shipment
ever
seized
in
the
United
States,
and
once
cut
and
repackaged
it
is
worth
hundreds
of
millions of dollars on
the streets of a western city.
Yet the seizure is less than one
percent of all the heroin produced in Afghanistan
last
year, production which has
increased more than 2,000 percent since 2001.
money
is
going
to
accelerate
the
disintegration
of
democratic
institutions,
warns
Charles.
What
is
happening,
Charles
says,
is
the
transformation
of
a
poor,
war
torn
country
struggling with democracy into a narco
state where power emanates from a group of
drug kingpins far more powerful than
the new government.
The
process
began
in
2001
when
the
United
States
forged
military
alliances
with
powerful warlords and used their
private armies to drive al Qaeda and the Taliban
out
of the country.
But some of Afghanistan's biggest
warlords also happen to be some of the country's
biggest drug lords. Now that they are
part of the government, often in high places, a
few
are
even
charged
with
eradicating
the
drug
traffic
that
many
people
believe
they're still
involved in.
One
former
warlord
suspected
of
being
involved
in
the
opium
trade
is
Hazrat
Ali,
whose private army fought against al
Qaeda at the battle of Tora Bora. In appreciation
of
his
efforts,
he
was
placed
in
charge
of
security
for
Nangahar
province
until
he
resigned
recently to run for parliament.
He
also
happens
to
be
named
in
a
United
Nations
report
as
one
of
the
provincial
officials
suspected of being heavily involved in drug
trafficking.
Ali doesn't
deny that the heroin business flourishes in the
region but denied that he is
involved
in the trade.
was like me, there
wouldn't be an opium plant in
Afghanistan.
60
Minutes
had no difficulty finding people
to make the allegations; proving them is
another
matter
since
there
is
virtually
no
criminal
justice
system
in
place
to
pursue
them.
In
all
of
Afghanistan
there
are
barely
100
people
in
jail
for
drug
offenses,
most
of
them small time players.
Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai,
who is considered honest and well intentioned,
outlawed the cultivation and
trafficking of opium three years ago, but has
neither the
power nor the prosecutors
to enforce it.
—
the top
priority now,
former commanders, have been
involved with drug trafficking in the past. And
some
believe still continue to be
involved in drug
trafficking,
Kroft
says.
Karzai agrees.
even
there
are
people
in
the
government
who
may
be
involved
in
drug
trafficking.
Drug
trafficking, drug cultivation, poppy cultivation,
was a major way of life in this
country. Now that the country's going
back toward stability, now that we have a better
hope for tomorrow, that we have hope
for tomorrow, the Afghan people have begun to
distance themselves. Slowly,
slowly.
Things
are
moving
much
too
slowly
for
the
country's
top
law
enforcement
officer,
interior minister
Ali Amad Jalali, who resigned last month after
complaining about the
lack
of
progress
in
stemming
the
opium
trade,
and
bringing
government
officials
involved in it to
justice.
Last June, his
elite Afghan anti-drug force, trained and assisted
by the British, raided
the
offices
of
Sher
Muhammed
Akhundzada,
the
Governor
of
Helmand
Province,
another warlord widely suspected of
being involved in the drug trade.
They
seized
nine
and
a
half
tons
on
opium,
but
the
investigation
went
nowhere.
Governor
Akhunzada
said
the
drugs
were
not
his
but
that
they
had
been
seized
by
police and were just being stored at
his headquarters.
He
showed
60
Minutes
a
locker
now
loaded
with
another
two
and
a
half
tons
of
opium.
a safe place. And this is where we keep
it,
Not everyone bought that
argument, especially the chief counter-narcotics
officer for
Helmand
Province.
When
the
investigation
stalled,
Abdul
Samad
Haqqani
went
on
Radio
Liberty, which is funded by the U.S. Congress, and
denounced the governor as
a major
narcotics trafficker.
Haqqani
has
since
disappeared
and
President
Karzai
says
he
would
look
into
the
matter.
As
for
the
tons
of
opium
in
the
Governor's
administrative
office,
Karzai
wasn't
the
least bit surprised.
almost
half of
the
economy,
poppy
found
in
a
governor's
office?
Or
administrative
offices?
Whether
they
were
confiscated or whether they belonged to
somebody. In both cases, it doesn't surprise
me.
Asked
how
his
government
would
deal
with
the
governor
amid
these
allegations,
Karzai says the governor asked to be
removed.
tired
of working in Helmand precisely because of these
allegations,
says, 'Well remove me' and
we have not removed him. Because right now, under
the
circumstances,
any
replacement
would
find
it
difficult
to
continue
the
fight
against
terrorism the way he's doing it there
—
in that province and at
the borders.
Karzai went on
to say that no investigation was needed and that
the governor could be
removed and
assigned to other government work.
place and bring him to do
some other government work. Maybe he should become
a
senator or something.
Antonio Maria Costa, director of the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, says
he
has
pleaded
with
Karzai
to
do
something
about
senior
officials
and
governors
involved in the
drug business.
people
who
have
been
involved,
senior
officials
and
governors
who
were
involved in the drug
economy should be removed,
and possibly
removed from the country.
Costa says the need to fight terrorism
and defeat the insurgency should not be used as
an
excuse
to
ignore
the
opium
trade.
think
it
is
the
responsibility
of
the
Afghan
government
and
the
foreign
powers
assisting
it
to
fight
both
narcotics
and
the
insurgency. I will say that fighting
one is equal to fighting the other.
The British, who have overall
responsibility for counter narcotics in
Afghanistan, and
the Americans, have
limited their role to assisting the Karzai
government in training
anti-drug
units
and
providing
occasional
logistical
support
for
their
missions
to
confiscate opium and destroy drug labs.
So far they have destroyed 150 labs.
The
American
military
has
no
direct
role
in
counter
narcotics.
Its
responsibility
is
fighting
terrorism
and
providing
security
and
stability.
If
U.S.
troops
come
across
opium they can take
action but it is not part of their mission.
Robert Charles says the
U.S. military has limited resources to commit to
the effort and
feels that aggressive
action could disrupt the flow of intelligence.
'We will get to this issue in time' the
way we get to other social issues. But we don't
have time.
And
Charles doesn't think it is just a threat to the
mission.
Democracy.
Why
is
it
a
threat
to
democracy?
First,
it
has
a
potential
for
public
corruption. Second,
it funds the violent elements in society. Finally,
it sends a signal
that the rule of law
doesn't matter.
One U.S.
counter-narcotics official told
Kroft
that corruption is
worse in Afghanistan
than it is
in
Colombia, and estimated
that 90 percent
of the police chiefs
are either
directly involved in the
drug business or protecting those who are.
The British trained mobile
unit says it is under orders to stop police cars
and official
motorcades
as
well
as
ordinary
buses.
Official
vehicles
are
the
preferred
means
of
transporting opium.
There
have
been
a
few
small
successes.
The
government
has
stepped
up
a
modest
poppy
eradication program, and with the help of the U.S.
state department is trying to
persuade
farmers to grow alternative crops.
The number of acres of poppy under
cultivation actually dropped 20 percent in 2005,
although opium and heroin production
remained about the same.
In
the village of Kushkak, farmers told
60
Minutes
that they voluntarily quit
growing
opium poppy after the
government promised to build them health clinics,
schools and
roads. But the promises
have not materialized and they are growing
impatient.
they
should stop growing poppy, that we'll be there to
help them. And if we don't do
that,
people out of desperation will go back to poppies,
and we should not allow that.
But illegal profits from the opium and
heroin trade are not only helping warlords and
corrupt officials expand their
influence over the government. There is evidence
that
some
of
the
money
is
ending
up
with
the
Taliban
and
al
Qaeda,
who
elicit
tolls,
protection money and
drugs from traffickers in areas they control.
is
such
an
insidious,
creeping,
potentially
lethal
problem
in
that
country
that
it
needs
to
be
elevated
to
a
rank
that
is
commensurate
with
that
threat,
says
Charles.
Asked
whether he is saying that this issue is as
important as fighting terrorism, he said,
Unit5
The Global
Warning
The
North
Pole
has
been
frozen
for
100,000
years.
But
according
to
scientists, that won't be true by the
end of this century. The top of the world is
melting.
There's been a
debate burning for years about the causes of
global warming. But the
scientists
you're
about
to
meet
say
the
debate
is
over.
New
evidence
shows
man
is
contributing
to
the
warming
of
the
planet,
pumping
out
greenhouse
gases
that
trap
solar
heat.
Much of
this new evidence was compiled by American
scientist Bob Corell, who led
a study
called the
—
but
consider
the
findings:
the
seas
are
rising,
hurricanes
will
be
more
powerful,
like
Katrina, and polar
bears may be headed toward extinction.
What
does the
melting arctic look
like?
Correspondent Scott Pelley
went
north to
see
what Bob Corell calls a
Towers of ice the height of 10-story
buildings rise on the coast of Greenland. It's the
biggest ice sheet in the Northern
Hemisphere, measuring some 700,000 square miles.
But temperatures in the arctic are
rising twice as fast as the rest of the world, so
a lot
of Greenland's ice is running to
the sea.
world's
top authorities on climate change. He led 300
scientists from eight nations in
the
Corell
believes
he
has
seen
the
future.
is
a
bellwether,
a
barometer.
Some
people call it the canary in the mine.
The warning that things are
coming,
years from
now.
Over the last few
decades, the North Pole has been dramatically
reduced in size and
Corell says the
glaciers there have been receding for the last 50
years.
Back in 1987,
President Reagan asked Corell to look into climate
change. He's been at
it ever since.
In Iceland, he
showed
60 Minutes
glaciers
that were growing until the 1990s and are
now melting. In fact, 98 percent of the
world's mountain glaciers are melting.
Corell says all that water will push
sea levels three feet higher all around the world
in
100 years.
and
I
sit
here,
another
foot.
Your
children,
another
foot.
Your
grandchildren,
another foot.
And it won't take long for sea level to
inundate,
ours included,
To find the sights and sounds of the
arctic melting, there are few places better than a
fjord in Greenland, with a glacier just
a short distance away.
Pelley
stood on a huge block
of ice that had split off from the glacier and had
dropped
into the sea
—
a big iceberg.
the
enormity
of
what's
happening,
consider
this:
The
ice
that
is
melting
here
is
the
equivalent
of all the ice in the Alps,
That's more than 105 million acres of
melted ice in 15 years. Just four minutes after
Pelley
cleared off this
berg, part of the ice caved in.
60 Minutes
got a bird's-eye
view of how unstable the ice is becoming on a
flight with glaciologist Carl Boggild.
Boggild
anchored 10 research stations to the ice. But
every time he comes to visit, the
ice
and his stations have moved.
Flying over the ice, Pelley noticed
lots of fissures and crevices breaking through the
ice.
Asked what
causes this, Boggild explained,
have so
much tension in the ice that it cannot stick
together. And it breaks and opens a
crevice which goes about 150, 200 feet
down.
The ice is also
melting on the sides, Boggild says.
High overhead, Pelley remarked that one
could hear the water running.
A
leading theory says those little rivers lubricate
the bottom of the ice sheet, helping it
move off the bedrock and out to sea.
And there may
be no stopping it. Arctic warming is accelerating.
It's a chain reaction.
As
snow
and
ice
melt
they
reveal
dark
land
and
water
that
absorb
solar
heat.
That
melts more snow and ice, and around it
goes.
There's
long
been
a
debate
about
how
much
of
this
is
earth's
naturally
changing
climate and how much is
man's doing. Paul
Mayewski,
at
the University
of Maine,
says the answer to
that question is frozen inside an ice core from
Greenland.
With
funding
from
the
National
Science
Foundation,
Mayewski
has
led
35
expeditions collecting deep ice cores
from glaciers. The ice captures everything in the
air, laying down a record covering half
a million years.
levels
were;
we
can
tell
whether
or
not
it
was
stormy,
what
the
temperatures
were
like,
60
Minutes
brought
Mayewski
back
to
Greenland,
where
he
says
his
research
has
proven that the ice and the atmosphere
have man's fingerprints all over them.
Mayewski
says
we
haven't
seen
a
temperature
rise
to
this
level
going
back
at
least
2,000 years, and
arguably several thousand years.
As for carbon dioxide
(CO
2
) levels, Mayewski says,
2
levels like
this in hundreds of thousands of years,
if not millions of years.
What does that tell him?
all
points
to
something
that
has
changed
and
something
that
has
impacted
the
system which wasn't doing it more than
100 years ago. And we know exactly what it
is. It's human activity,
It's activity like burning fossil
fuels,
releasing
carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse
gases. The
U.S. is by far the largest polluter. Corell says
there's so much greenhouse
gas in the
air already that more temperature rise is
inevitable.
Even if we
stopped using every car, truck, and power plant
—
stopping all greenhouse
gas emissions
—
Mayewski says the planet would continue to warm
anyway.
continue to warm for another,
about another degree,
That's
enough to melt the Arctic
—
and if greenhouse gases continue to increase, the
temperature
will
rise
even
more.
The
ice
that's
melting
already
is
changing
the
weather by disrupting ocean currents.
Corell points to floods in
the U.S., heat waves in Europe; and
60
Minutes
wanted to know about
the catastrophic 2005 hurricane season.
one
thing
I
think
we
can
say
with
a
fairly
high
degree
of
confidence
is
the
severity of the storms, how strong the
storms, these cyclonic events
like
hurricanes
and cyclones in
the Pacific, are going to get
—
they're gonna be more
severe. Now
one thing that is in doubt
is whether there'll be more of them,
oceans
of
the
Northern
Hemisphere
are
the
warmest
they've
been
on
record.
When
they
get
up
in
that
temperature,
they
spin
off
hurricanes.
Well,
if
it
goes
up
another degree, it's
gonna spawn these with more intensity,
The name
But the warming climate is threatening
this icon of the arctic, the polar bear. Flying
above the sub-arctic region of Hudson
Bay, Canadian scientist Nick Lunn is hunting
polar bears in a 30-year study that
tracks their health. It's the job of his assistant
Evan
Richardson to take them down with
a tranquilizer dart.
Once
tranquilized,
Lunn
carefully
checks
the
bear
with
a
pole,
without
getting
too
close.
The polar bear is
the
largest
predator on land. Native people
in
the region say he'll
even
hunt humans, but not on the day Pelley joined
Lunn: with the tranquilizer, the
bear
was awake but immobile.
The scientists knew this bear by his
tattoo. His history is written chapter and verse
in
the
Conservation,
The
study
began
at
the
Wapusk
National
Park,
because
the
bear
population
was
thought to be the healthiest in the
world.
Lunn's
annual
checkup
records
changes
in
fat,
dimensions
and
an
inventory
of
weapons.
The
polar
bear
uses
its
teeth
to
hunt
primarily
one
thing
—
seals.
That's
where arctic warming
comes in.
Polar bears can
only hunt on the ice. Lunn says the ice is
breaking up three
weeks earlier than it
did 30 years go. He's now finding female bears 55
pounds lighter
—
weaker
mothers with fewer cubs.
Asked how the bear population has
changed since he started his research, Lunn says,
the
mid-90s.
Both
times
we
came
out
with
an
estimate
of
approximately
1,200
animals for what is known as the
western Hudson Bay population. The numbers now
suggest that the population has
declined to below 1,000.
The
bears
are
unlikely
to
survive
as
a
species
if
there's
a
complete
loss
of
ice
in
summer,
which the arctic study projects will happen by the
end of this century.
There
are skeptics who question climate change
projections like that, saying they're
no more reliable than your local
weatherman. But Mayewski says arctic projections
done decades ago are proving accurate.
last
few years. And they've forced us to think more and
more about the data that we
collect. We
can owe the skeptics a vote of thanks for making
our science as precise as
it is
today,
One big
supporter of climate science research is the Bush
administration, spending $$5
billion a
year. But Mr. Bush refuses to sign a treaty
forcing cuts in greenhouse gases.
The White House also
declined
60 Minutes'
request
for an interview. Corell, who first
studied the issue for President Reagan,
believes the climate change facts are in, even
if President Bush does not.
you
look
at
the
American
government,
which
is
saying
essentially,
'Wait
a
minute. We need to study
this some more. We can't flip our energy use
overnight. It
would hurt the economy.'
When you hear that, what do you think?
science
is,
I
believe,
unassailable,
says
Corell.
not
arguing
their
policy,
that's
their business, how they deal with
policy. But my job is to say, scientifically,
shorten
that time scale so that if you
don't push out the effects of climate change into
the long,
long distant future. Because
even under the best of circumstances, this natural
system
of a climate will continue to
warm the planet for literally hundreds of years,
no matter
what we do.
Unit6
The Coal Cowboy
America's
dependence
on
foreign
oil
-
President
Bush
called
it
addiction
in
his
State
of
the
Union
address
-
has
become
a
threat
to
the
country's
economy and security.
While
the
president
spent
much
of
last
week
promoting
energy
alternatives
of
the
future,
like hybrid
cars and fuels made from
wood chips, the governor of Montana,
Brian Schweitzer, says there's
something we can have up and running in the next
five
years.
What
he has in mind is using the coal, billions of tons
of it, under the high plains of
his
home state. The
governor
tells
correspondent
Lesley
Stahl
he wants
to
use
an
existing process to turn that coal into
a synthetic liquid fuel, or synfuel.
The
plan
is
controversial,
but
Gov.
Schweitzer
-
half
Renaissance
man,
half
rodeo
cowboy
- seems ready for the challenge. In fact, he
sounds like he's ready to take on
the
world.
and let those sheiks and
dictators and rats and crooks from all over the
world boil in
their own oil?
Schweitzer has called them
rats and crooks and hasn't held back on bit.
the Saudi royal family, the leaders of
Iran,
with 'stan'? Nigeria? You tell me.
Sheiks, rats, crooks, dictators, sure.
He's a governor with his own foreign
policy and no one is calling Brian Schweitzer a
wuss.
He
says
flat
out
that
his
plan
will
change
the
world,
and
that
the
key
to
the
country's energy future is buried in
the grassy plains of eastern Montana.
Montana is
already mining a small fraction of its coal.
But
unlike
the
deep
shaft
mining
done
in
West
Virginia,
Montana
coal
is
surface
mined
and
there
hasn't
been
a
fatal
accident
in
15
years.
The
governor
took
60
Minutes
down
into one of those huge pits.
It's a road.
They drive right out of here.
I can feel it. I'm gonna be
filthy. I can smell it. It's awful, awful, awful.
How many of
these would you have to dig
out to produce enough of what
you're
talking about to
make it make
sense?
for the
future of this country,
It's
not enough to completely break our addiction to
foreign oil, but a start. Most coal
today
is
used
for
electricity
but
the
governor's
plan
is
to
turn
Montana's
billions
of
tons of untapped coal
into a liquid diesel fuel for our cars.
Schweitzer
wants
to
take
coal
that's
been
pressurized
into
a
gas,
and
then
use
something called the Fischer-Tropsch
process to convert that gas into a clean diesel
fuel, similar to what is made at a
demonstration plant in Oklahoma.
The
governor
handed
Stahl
a
jar
of
this
synthetic
fuel,
which
looked
and
smelled
clean.
your diesel car or truck right now.
The Fischer-Tropsch process
does have a track record, along with a sinister
history.
It
was
first
put
into
wide-scale
use
in
the
Nazi
era,
when
Hitler
had
few
oil-rich allies. Ninety
percent of his Luftwaffe planes ran on coal-based
fuels
Later on, South
Africa, also isolated because of Apartheid, used
the process.
There's something kind of …
spooky,
is
neutral,
said
Schweitzer.
were
pushed
against
the
wall,
because
they couldn't get oil. We're pushed
against the wall because the oil is so
expensive.
The price tag to
get his
plan rolling
- $$1.5 billion - is a bargain, the
governor says,
now that crude is
trading around $$60 a barrel.
Dr. Robert Williams, a
senior energy scientist at Princeton, agrees.
said.
Stahl
told
Williams
about
the
jar
of
diesel
Schweitzer
showed
her.
Is
this
synthetic
fuel going to be that clean and smell
that good?
cleaner than conventional
diesel, but it also leads to improved engine
performance.
And he
explained why the process works environmentally.
gasifying
coal,
stuff?
The
new
Fischer-Tropsch
plants,
Schweitzer
says,
wouldn't
have
the
traditional
smoke-belching
smokestacks associated with today's coal-fired
power plants. But he
does acknowledge
there would be some emissions.
said, pointing at smoking
smokestacks in the background.
We're
talking about the new way.
But even in the new way there's an
environmental problem, and it's a big one: carbon
dioxide, which, while not a poison, is
the No. 1 cause of global warming.
dioxide
will
be
generated
at
a
rate
that
would
lead
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions that are twice those for
conventional crude oil,
Williams says this process will produce
twice as much carbon dioxide than traditional
petroleum if you vent the
CO
2
to the atmosphere.
But Schweitzer
has promised not to do that.
home for
it. Right back into the earth, 5,000 feet
deep,
He plans to sell that
carbon dioxide to oil companies that use it to
boost the amount of
oil
they
can
pump.
called
enhanced
oil
recovery.
It's
worth
money
to
the
oil
business,
The
sales pitch keeps coming: Schweitzer says the fuel
will not only be cleaner, it'll
be
cheaper, too.
can
produce
this
fuel
for
about
$$1
a
gallon.
We
have
gas
taxes,
depending
on
what
state you're in, of 60, 70, 80 cents a gallon. So,
do the math,
He's
been
so
excited,
he's
been
traveling
the
country
selling
his
big
idea.
But
back
home
they say he can be arrogant.
work on this until we get
her done,'
That cowboy
bravado is just what you might expect from a guy
who grew up roping
calves on a Montana
ranch.
reliance,
And,
yet,
the
cowboy
is
a
bit
of
a
geek
who
went
to
graduate
school
to
study
soil
science. In the 1980s
he went to work in Saudi Arabia - land of the
sheiks - running
farm projects.
Schweitzer says
the Saudis embarked on an ambitious agricultural
program to become
self
sufficient
in
food,
to
wean
themselves
off
our
wheat.
Now,
he
wants
to
wean
America off their oil.
He
got
into
politics
as
a
Democrat.
But
in
his
ads
in
the
2004
governor's
race,
he
looked
as un-like John Kerry as possible and even picked
a Republican running mate.
In red state Montana, Schweitzer
squeaked out a four-point win. But today he has a
65
percent approval rating, buoyed by
his good ol' boy persona and his image making.
That includes his dog, Jag, who goes
with him everywhere, even on the state plane.
Now there's a fledgling
online movement to draft Schweitzer into the next
presidential race.
Schweitzer
says
Schweitzer
of
the
United
States
sounds
a
little
silly
to
him.
I've ever been elected
to and I've only been here a year.
He may answer that question with an
he does have his eye on the national
stage.
bigger and better
things,
Council, a group of farmers and
ranchers fighting the governor's coal-to-diesel
plan.
k he has
more of a perspective of trying to save the world.
And that's a … good
goal but you've got
to start by pieces,
One of
the pieces, she says, should not be more mining.
She points out that in the past,
mining
companies came to Montana, dug out the precious
minerals and, despite their
promises to
clean things up, they left behind toxic eyesores.
Waller said.
But Schweitzer says there's now a state
law that requires mining companies to restore
the land after the digging is done.
The governor showed Stahl a
piece of land that used to be a mine but is now
used for
agriculture.
He
says
he
would
force
mining
companies
to
restore
the
land
after
the
mines
are closed.
Mining
companies have gotten around the law in the past
so Waller thinks it's crazy to
dig up
the coal; instead
Montana should be
producing bio-diesel,
a fuel
made from
plant seeds.
got
all
that
land
there
that
can
be
used
to
produce
bio-fuels
and
it
is
competitive,
way out ahead of
us.
Asked why the
money shouldn't all be invested in bio-diesel,
Schweitzer said,
replaced all the acres
of wheat, corn and soybeans that we export across
America, you
would only replace 15
percent of our diesel demands in this country. Do
the math. It's
not enough.
China is already working with Shell on
Fischer-Tropsch projects in Asia but to build
them in the United States, the governor
has to raise investment money from private
industry.
Who's
in?
Asked why investors are reluctant,
Schweitzer said:
one to build the
second plant. Because that's the fact. Because the
first plant is going
to be a lot of
engineering on the fly. So, there will be cost
over-runs. I'm telling you.
Even
people
who
like
the
governor
say
he's
a
big
dreamer
but
nothing
seems
to
discourage
him.
With
his
cowboy
swagger,
he
just
keeps
pushing
his
plan
for
Montana,
despite the obstacles.
it always seems to fail. The
minute the price of oil comes down a little, these
things
just go into
bankruptcy.
you
believe
the
price
of
oil
is
going
to
drop
back
to
$$25
or
$$30
a
barrel,
you
shouldn't
walk
away
from
this
project.
You
should
run,
said
Schweitzer.
the
overwhelming majority of the people who
understand the oil market worldwide do not
believe that we will spend much time
below $$30 a barrel. This is the right thing to do.
We can do it. Let's get
started.
Unit7
Can a
Video Game Lead to Murder?
Imagine
if
the
entertainment
industry
created
a
video
game
in
which
you
could
decapitate police
officers,
kill
them with
a sniper
rifle, massacre them
with
a
chainsaw, and set them on fire.
Think anyone
would buy such a violent game?
They
would,
and
they
have.
The
game
Grand
Theft
Auto
has
sold
more
than
35
million copies, with
worldwide sales approaching $$2 billion.
Last winter, a
multi-million dollar lawsuit was filed in Alabama
against the makers
and marketers of
Grand Theft Auto, claiming that months of playing
the game led a
teenager to go on a
rampage and kill three men, two of them police
officers.
Can a
video game train someone to kill?
Correspondent Ed Bradley
reports on this
story that first aired
on March 6, 2005.
Grand Theft Auto is a world governed by
the laws of depravity. See a car
you
like? Steal it. Someone you don't like? Stomp her.
A cop in your way? Blow him
away.
There are
police at every turn, and endless opportunities to
take them down. It is 360
degrees
of
murder
and
mayhem:
slickly
produced,
technologically
brilliant,
and
exceedingly violent.
And now, the game is at the
center of a civil lawsuit involving the murders of
three
men in the small town of Fayette,
Ala. They were gunned down by 18-year-old Devin
Moore, who had played Grand Theft Auto
day and night for months.
Attorney
Jack
Thompson,
a
long-
time
crusader
against
video-game
violence,
is
bringing the suit.
what he did. He was given a murder
simulator,
bought
it
as
a
minor.
He
played
it
hundreds
of
hours,
which
is
primarily
a
cop-
killing game. It's our theory, which we think we
can prove to a jury in Alabama,
that,
but for the video-game training, he would not have
done what he did.
Moore's
victims were Ace Mealer, a 911 dispatcher; James
Crump, a police officer;
and Arnold
Strickland, another officer who was on patrol in
the early morning hours
of June 7,
2003, when he brought in Moore on suspicion of
stealing a car.
Moore had no criminal history, and was
cooperative as Strickland booked him inside
the Fayette police station. Then
suddenly, inexplicably, Moore snapped.
According
to
Moore's
own
statement,
he
lunged
at
Officer
Arnold
Strickland,
grabbing his .40-caliber Glock
automatic and shot Strickland twice, once in the
head.
Officer
James
Crump
heard
the
shots
and
came
running.
Moore
met
him
in
the
hallway, and fired three
shots into Crump, one of them in the head.
Moore kept
walking down the hallway towards the door of the
emergency dispatcher.
There, he turned
and fired five shots into Ace Mealer. Again, one
of those shots was
in the head. Along
the way, Moore had grabbed a set of car keys. He
went out the
door to the parking lot,
jumped into a police cruiser, and took off. It all
took less than
a minute, and three men
were dead.
eye,
in
that
police
station,
says
Thompson.
that
menu
offered
him
the
split-second decision to
kill the officers, shoot them in the head, flee in
a police car,
just as the game itself
trained them to do.
After
his capture, Moore is reported to have told
police,
Everybody's
got
to
die
sometime.
awaiting trial in
criminal
court.
A
suit
filed
by
the
families
of
two
of
his
victims
claims
that
Moore
acted
out
a
scenario
found in Grand
Theft Auto: The player is a street thug trying to
take over the city. In
one
scenario,
the
player
can
enter
a
police
precinct,
steal
a
uniform,
free
a
convict
from jail, escape by
shooting police, and flee in a squad car.
says Nicholas
Hamner, a law student at the University of
Alabama, who demonstrated
Grand
Theft
Auto
for
60
Minutes
.
Like
millions
of
gamers,
the
overwhelming
majority, he
says he plays it simply for fun.
David Walsh, a child psychologist who's
co-authored a study connecting violent video
games
to
physical
aggression,
says
the
link
can
be
explained
in
part
by
pioneering
brain research
recently done at the National Institutes of Health
-- which shows that
the teenage brain
is not fully developed.
Does repeated exposure to violent video
games have more of an impact on a teenager
than it does on an adult?
The impulse
control center of the brain, the part of the brain
that enables us to think
ahead,
consider consequences, manage urges -- that's the
part of the brain right behind
our
forehead
called
the
prefrontal
cortex,
says
Walsh.
under
construction
during the
teenage
years. In fact, the wiring of
that is not completed until the
early
20s.
Walsh says this diminished impulse
control becomes heightened in a person who has
additional
risk
factors
for
criminal
behavior.
Moore
had
a
profoundly
troubled
upbringing, bouncing back and forth
between a broken home and a handful of foster
families.
hours and hours rehearsing
violent acts, and then he's put in this situation
of emotional
stress, there's a
likelihood that he will literally go to that
familiar pattern that's been
wired
repeatedly, perhaps thousands and thousands of
times,
got
probably
millions
of
kids
out
there
playing
violent
games
like
Grand
Theft
Auto and other violent games, who never hurt a
fly,
does that do to your
theory?
And
that's
because
they
don't
have
all
of
those
other
risk
factors
going
on,
says
Walsh.
Arnold
Strickland
had
been
a
police
officer
for
25
years
when
he
was
murdered. His brother,
Steve, a Methodist minister, wants the video game
industry to
pay.
they realize
that these games have repercussions to them? Why
does it have to be to
where my
brother's not here anymore?
goes by that
I don't think about him.
Strickland,
along
with
Mealer's
parents,
are
suing
Moore,
as
well
as
Wal-Mart
and
GameStop, which sold
Moore two versions of Grand Theft Auto. Both
companies sent
60 Minutes
letters insisting they bear no responsibility for
Moore's actions, and that
the game is
played by millions of law-abiding citizens.
Take-Two
Interactive, the creator of Grand Theft
Auto, and Sony, which
makes the
device that runs the game, are also
being sued. Both declined to talk to
60
Minutes
on
camera. Instead,
they referred it to Doug Lowenstein, who
represents the video game
industry.
Lowenstein is
not named in the lawsuit, and says he can't
comment on it directly.
not
my
job
to
defend
individual
titles,
says
Lowenstein.
job
is
to
defend
the
right of people in this
industry to create the products that they want to
create. That's
free
expression.
police
officer
we
spoke
to
said,
'Our
job
is
dangerous
enough
as
it
is
without
having
our kids growing up playing those games and having
the preconceived notions
of
asks Bradley.
think
video
games
inspire
people
to
commit
crimes,
says
Lowenstein.
people
have a
criminal mind, it's not because they're getting
their ideas from the video games.
There's something much more deeply
wrong with the individual. And it's not the game
that's the problem.
But shouldn't Moore, alone, face the
consequences of his decision to kill three men?
plenty
of
blame
to
go
around.
The
fact
is
we
think
Devin
Moore
is
responsible
for
what
he
did,
says
Thompson.
we
think
that
the
adults
who
created these games and, in effect,
programmed Devon Moore and assisted him to kill
are responsible, at least
civilly.
Thompson
says
video
game
companies
had
reason
to
foresee
that
some
of
their
products would trigger
violence, and bolsters his case with claims that
the murders in
Fayette were not the
first thought to be inspired by Grand Theft Auto.
In
Oakland,
Calif.,
detectives
said
the
game
provoked
a
street
gang
accused
of
robbing and killing six people. In
Newport, Tenn., two teenagers told police the game
was an influence when they shot at
passing cars with a .22 caliber rifle, killing one
person. But to date, not a single court
case has acknowledged a link between virtual
violence and the real thing.
Paul Smith is a
First Amendment lawyer who has represented video
game companies.
it's subject
of almost a hysterical attack,
it's hard
to believe now, but comic books were blamed for
juvenile delinquency. And I
think what
you really have here is very much the same
phenomenon playing itself out
again
with a new medium.
Why does
he think the courts have ruled against these kinds
of lawsuits?
you
start saying that we're going to sue people
because one individual out there
read
their book or played their game and decided to
become a criminal, there is no
stopping
point,
on the media.
Despite its violence, or because of it,
the fact is that millions of people like playing
Grand Theft Auto. Steve Strickland
can't understand why.
that target people that are
to protect us, police officers, people that we
look up to
--
people that I
respect -- with high admiration?'
'Why
do
you
want
to
market
a
game
that
gives
people
the
thoughts,
even
the
thoughts of thinking
it's okay to shoot police officers? Why do you
wanna do that?'
Both Wal-Mart and GameStop, where Moore
purchased Grand Theft Auto, say they
voluntarily card teenagers in an effort
to keep violent games from underage kids. But
several states are considering laws
that would ban the sale of violent games to those
under 17.
Unit 8
Who would have believed that Americans
would line up by the millions to
pay
$$4
for
a
cup
of
coffee?
Who
would
have
imagined
we
would
go
into
a
coffee
shop and casually ask
for a double tall, one pump, vanilla skim, caramel
macchiato?
What the heck is a macchiato
anyway?
Well
the
guy
who
did
believe
is
Howard
Schultz,
the
star
of
Starbucks.
Schultz
is
given
to
leaps
of
imagination
?
he
had
to
be,
as
he
started
out
as
a
poor
kid
in
Brooklyn who sold his own blood just to
get through college.
Today as head of a
$$29 billion multinational, Schultz is not without
his critics; some
mockingly call
Starbucks
when
60
Minutes
correspondent Scott
Pelley
met
Schultz,
he
found
a
salesman
and
a
showman,
who
is
creating
his
own
subculture and intends
to take the whole world along.
At
the
Starbucks
headquarters
in
Seattle,
they
don't
drink
coffee
like
you
and
me.
Howard
Schultz analyzes each slurp, as though he's
letting you in on a secret.
out.
Here people
called
like
they
were
cream
and
sugar.
Schultz
has
brewed
up
a
coffee
culture
that's,
sometimes, a little
hard to swallow.
coined a
phrase
a long time ago and said,
'We're not
in
the
business of filling bellies. We're in
the business of filling souls,'
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