南方离子型稀土矿环境污染及治理

从过程分析的角度探究了三种开采工艺环境损伤产生的原因，

并从工艺技 术、

生态修复、

安全管理等多个方向提出防治环境损伤的措施。

建议今后进一步

研究原地浸矿的基础理论、

工艺短流程、

渗流场演化和矿体强度弱化规律、

重金属离子 和氨

氮污染的转化及二次迁移规律等，

优化原地浸矿工艺。

研究开发高效新开采工艺、

新浸矿剂、

土壤 改良剂，以促进离子型稀土行业的可持续发展。

关键词

：离子型稀土；开采技术；环境损伤；防治措施

Environmental damages and control measures in exploiting

ion- absorbed rare earth ores of South China

WEI Juan-ping,WANG Hai-ning, Y

AN Jiang-bo

(School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and

Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China)

Abstract:

This

paper

describe

the

three

kinds

of

mining

technologies

of

the

ion-absorbed

rare

earth, which are pool dip, heap leaching and in-situ leaching. analyzing and comparing three kinds

of

mining

technologies

from

the

aspects

of

environment

destruction,

resource

utilization,

extraction

efficiency.

Meanwhile,

the

concept

of

environmental

damage

is

put

forward

firstly.

Summarizing

the

possible

environmental

damages

in

mining

process

and

classifying

them

into

geological

environment

damage,

air

environment

damage,

water

environment

damage

and

soil

environment

damage.

Introducing

the

causes

of

the

environmental

damages

from

the

idea

of

process

management.

The

prevention

and

control

measures

are

put

forward

to

prevent

the

environmental from the aspects of technologies, ecological restoration and safety management. It

is recommended that further study on basic theory of in-situ leaching process, short flow, Seepage

field

evolution

and

law

of

ore

strength

weakening,

conversion

and

secondary

migration

rule

of

rare heavy metal ions and ammonia nitrogen pollution and so on. Optimizing in-situ leaching is

suggested. Searching high efficient and new exploitation technique, new leaching agent and new

soil conditioner can promote sustainable development of ion- absorbed rare earth ore industry.

Key word:

ionic rare-earth mining; technologies; environmental damages; control measures

0

引言

南方离子型稀土矿是中国南方独 有的以阳离子状态吸附于黏土矿物表面的风化壳稀土

矿

[1,2 ]

，具有类型新、分布广、品位高、放射性活度低等特点

[3, 4]

。南方离子型稀土主要分布

在江西、广东、福建等南方地区

[5]

，富含中、重稀土，是国家战略性资源，被广泛应用在传

统领域（冶金、石油、玻璃、国防军事等）和功能新材料中

[6 ,7]

，是发展国家高新技术和国

防工业不可或缺的元素，被誉 为“新材料之母”、“工业维生素”

[8]

，因而被广泛的开采 和

应用。

近年来，

随着高新技术的不断 发展，稀土在新材料领域中的应用越来越广，

特别是稀

土永磁材 料、催化材料、防腐材料等稀土功能材料在高端科技领域中的应用

[9,10]