-
高考语法要点和易错点
语法一
====
从句
从句的做题思路
======
》判定是什么从句
一、关于定语从句（前提：懂得判断是哪一种从句）
1
．
修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。
2
．
连接词
that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where/wh
y/as
What/how><
既起连接作
用
/
有充当句子成分
3
．
先行词
n./pron
---
被定语从句修饰的
根据先行词选择连接词
物：
which/that//whose
人：
who/whom/that/whose
时间：
when/which/that
地点：
where/which /that
Reason:
从句完整
why/for
which
；从句不完整
which/that/--
Way:
从句完整
in which/that/--;
从句不完整
which/that/-
I don
’
t like the
way
you speak to your parents.
He found the way
was
reasonable
to solve the problem.
答案：
in
which/that
；
which/that
当先行词与连接词后面的名词
n
存在所属关系时（
…
的）
< br>
物：
whose+n.=of
which +the +n.=the +n.+of which
人：
whose +n.=of whom +the
+n.= the +n.+ of whom
The room,
of which
the window faces south is
mine.
The girl,
whose
father died is our monitor.
4
．
只能用
that
不能用
which(
重点前
5
种情
况
)
（
1
）
当先行词是不定代词，如
all
，
ev
erything
，
anything
，
nothing
，
much
，
few
，
littl
e
，
none
，
the one
等。
All
that can be done has been done.
（
2
）先行词被
all, few
，
little
，
no
，
every
等词修饰时。
There is
no difficulty that we can
’
t
overcome.
（
3
）先行词被
序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
This is the
first letter that I
’
ve
written in Japanese.
（
4
）先行词被
the only, the very, the last
等修饰时
This is the very book that
I am looking for.
（
5
< br>）当先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked
about the teachers and schools that they had
visited.
（
6
）当先行词是
系动词
be
后面的表语或连接词本身是从句的表语时。
China
isn
’
t the country that she
used to be 50 years ago.
（
7<
/p>
）当主句是以
who
，
< br>which
或
what
开头的特
殊疑问句时。
Who is the man that
is waiting at the bus stop
？
5
．
永远不用
that
====
介词
/
逗号之后
6
．
当先行
词是时间
/
地点时
when /where /that/which/--
When=
介词
+which=
介词
+
时间
Where=
介词
+which =
介词
+
地点
1
Which/that=
时间
/
地点
当从句完整时，用
When/
Where/
介词
+which
当从句不完整时，用
which/that/--
e.g. I still remember the days
that/which/--
we spent at the seaside
last summer.
This is the factory
in which/ where
his parents used to work.
library ___ students often study was
on fire last night.
library, ___ was
built in the 1930s, needs repairing.
library ____ you visited yesterday was built in
1990.
4.
I’ll never forget
the day _________ we first met in the
park.
5.
I’ll
never forget the time _________ I spent on
campus.
6.
I’ll
n
ever forget the time _____ was spent
with you.
答案：
where/in which<
/p>
；
which/that
；
which/that
；
when/on whic
h
；
that/which
；
_that/which
7.
as
与
which
的比较：
（
1
）在非限制性定语从句中，均可替
代整个主句
.
如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句
之
前，用
as
。
They failed in the
exam
，
as/which is natural.
As is known to
all
，
the earth moves around
the sun.
（
2
）
as
“正如??，就像??”
Which
“
这一点
/
这个
/
< br>这件事
”
He is careless,
which
caused the accident.
He is late again,
as/which
we
expected.
8.
当先行词被
the same
，
such
，
so
修饰
时，
This is the
same book as you bought yesterday.
同一类
……………………
.that
………………………
同一个
This was so
difficult a problem
as
we
couldn
’
t work
out.
（后面句子不完整）
This was so difficult a problem
that
we
couldn
’
t work it
out.
（后面句子完整）
This
was such a difficult problem
…………
9.
另外，定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如
：
①
Mr. Jackson is the only
foreigner that is present at the party.0
②
He is one of the students
who were praised by the teacher.
解析：在句①
中，先行词
foreigner
被
on
ly
修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，
而
在句②中，
who
引导的定语从句修饰先行词
< br>the students
为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
感悟：学生之所以在这一点上经常出错，主要是对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出主句和
从句，
对句子成分的把握也不到位，搞不清关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当何种句子成
分。所以要做好这
一类题，要首先弄清关系代词和关系副词的用法，而且应善于分辨和分
析句子结构及其相应成分，这
样才能对症下药，快速准确地找到瓿之所在
。
二、名词性从句
主语从句
What I say is true
宾语从句
He won’t believe what I
say.
表语从句
That is
what I said.
同位语从句
I told
them the news that Rockets won the game today.
区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从
句，
状语从句，或者同位语从句。
I
have forgotten where we went yesterday.
2
Where we went
yesterday is covered with all kinds of flowers.
Oh! This is where we came yesterday.
This is the place where we
came yesterday.
Here, he made the
promise
that he would come here 10
years later.
I will make a mark
where he made the promise.
需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词
;
缺名词性成份时，指人用
who/whom
，指物用
what
;
不缺意思和成份时用
that
。
Th
at
只有在宾语从句中可以省略。
1.
___ the
Olympic Games will be held in Beijing
is known.
A.
不填
B. Whenever
C. What
D. When
2. There
is a common belief among them
___
rubbish can and should be put to good use.
A. which
B. if
C. whether
D. that
3. He’s bought a
cottage for
___ he retires,
with the money he saved.
A.
When
B. where
C. what
D. which
(
哪一个、哪一些
)
答案
DDA
--It is known to all
that
Taiwan belongs to China.
--Do you think
it possible
that we take over
Taiwan?
--Of course.
It
经常在句中当形式主语、宾语
，代替真正的主语、宾语，以避免头重脚轻。
It is
pretty well understood
___ controls the
flow of carbon dioxide in and out of the
atmosphere today.
A. That
B. when
C. what
D. how
Why don’t you bring ___ to his
attention
that you are too busy to do
it?
A. This
B. what
C. that
D. it
答案
CD
表“是否”时只用
whether
不用
if:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Whether the
president will come is not known yet.
(
主从
)
The problem
is whether we need it.
（表从）
The problem whether we will build
another school hasn
’
t been
settled.
（同位语从句）
He was worried about whether he passed
the English examination.
（介词之后）
It
doesn
’
t matter whether she
will come or not.
（
< br>whether
…
or /or
not
）
I
don
’
t know whether to
go.
（动词不定式之前）
区别：<
/p>
that
引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，
“??的名词
”
，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词
的内容。与
that
从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如
fact,news,belief,truth,reply
等。
That
在定语从句中必须作成分，可用
w
hich
或
who/whom
代替，而
that
在同位语从句中不充当任
何句
子成分，只起连接作用。如：
①
Along with the letter was
his promise that he would visit me this coming
Christmas.
3
②
Do you still remember the
chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析：在句①中，
that
引导同位语从句解
释说明
promise
的内容，
tha
t
不充当任何句子成分，只起连接
作用，而在句②中，
that
在其引导的定语从句中作动词
visi
ted
的宾语，对先行词
the chicken
farm
起修
饰作用。
感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分
辨不出
that
在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，
还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清
何谓同位语从句。
三、状语从句
（主句完整，从句和主
句之间不存在修饰关系的，一般就是状从）
关于
when/while/as
都有“当
…
时”
When I arrived, he had
already left.
Mary asked me to care for
her pet while s
he was
away.
（当
…
时）
As
the sun
set
in the west, it
became darker and darker.
As time
goes
by//as the
economy
develops
When (
正在这时
)
Be about to do
…
.
When
…
Be doing
…
when
…
Had just
done
…
when
…
Be on the
point of doing
…
when
…
while
He likes pop music
while I am fond of classical music.
(
而
)
Mary asked me
to care for her pet while she was away.
（当
…
时）
While I understand what you say, I
can
’
t agree with you.
（虽然）
as
A.
随着
+
句子
as time went by
as the economy develops
B.
像
+
句子
It
looks a little ugly as it is .
C.
作为
+
短语
treat / regard / consider / think of /
look on
……
as
（把
…
<
/p>
作为
…
来对待）
D.
因为
+
句子
because /since/for
As you
are Senior 3 students, you should
spare
no effort / pains
to study.
E.
正如
/
就像
4
1.
As is known to all/we all know, Taiwan
belongs to China.
As an old saying goes,
it
’
s not until the Dragon
Boat Festival that we can put away warm clothes.
2.
关于
since/before/until
It is/has been several
months since we last spent the holiday in the
country together.
It was ten years
since we had had such a wonderful time.
Before
He left before I could say
“
thank
you
”
to him.
来不及
Three years
passed before I knew it.
才
It
won
’
t be long before we have
a monthly exam.
It will be ten years
before we meet again.
It
was
ten years
before
they
met
again.
Until/till
(
主句谓语持续性
)
Not
…
until
…
(
主句谓语短暂性
)
George
worked
for
IBM until/till 2000.
直到靠近，我才认出他。
Until
he came up to me, I recognized him.
（此句错误）
==
》
I
didn
’
t recognize him until
he came up to me.
3.
关于“一
…
就”
Hardly
…
when
…
No
sooner
…
than
…
As soon as
The
moment/time/minute/second
+
句子
Immediately/instantly/directly
+
句子
On
doing/
名词
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when
(than) the rain poured down.
The moment
she saw the robber, she screamed.
Instantly he saw the drowning girl, he
jumped into the river.
Upon arrival/ On
arrival / On arriving, I will pay a visit to you
first.
4.
It is/was
+
时间点
+when
与强调句型的区别
It
was midnight
I
fell asleep.
A. when
B. that
C. while
D. because
It was at noon
we arrived in the village.
A. before
B.
while
C. when
D. that
答案
AD
如果不（除非）
/if
如果
____________you go all out to do the
work, I don't think you can achieve your goal as
planned.
A. Unless
B. Even
C. Since
D. Till
He never
speaks _____ he is spoken to, for he is not much
of a speaker.
?
5
?
?
答案
AC
6.
as if(though)
似乎
/
仿佛
/
好像
+
真实
/
虚拟
7.
even if /though
即使
8.
in case/for fear that
以防
/
惟恐
9.
What/whatever/no matter what;
how/however/no matter how
What(ever) +
名词
How(ever) +
形容词
/
副词
Whatever difficulties we
meet with, it is best to face them and try to
solve them.
However
late
it is,
I
’
ll wait for you.
No matter how
busy
he is, he is ready to
help others.
No matter +
疑问词
==
引导状从
疑问词
+ever==
引导名从
/
状从
Whatever you say, I
won
’
t believe you.
= No matter
what
（状语从句）
I
won
’
t believe whatever you
say.
= anything
that
（宾语从句）
Whoever / No matter who comes,
don
’
t let him in.
（状语从句）
Whoever / Anyone who leaves last should
turn off the lights.
（主语从句）
10.
Where +
句子
（特别是引导地点状从和定从的区别）
I have forgotten
where we
went yesterday.
Where we
went yesterday
is covered with all
kinds of flowers.
Oh! This is
where we came yesterday.
This is the place
where/in
which we came yesterday.
I
will make a mark
where the teacher
emphasizes.
语法二
====
非谓语
非谓语做题思路
1
．判断主被动
2
．判断时间（要发生
/
正在进行
/
已完成）
非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或
不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被<
/p>
动式（动作将进行）
；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句
或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自
己的逻辑主语）
。
Judging/considering/genrally
speaking/supposing
指说话者的动作，故只用主动式。如：
Having been ill in bed for nearly a
month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语
he
一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现
在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明
显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完
成式。
In order to improve English ,
________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her
a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s
father bought a lot of tapes for
herself.
6
C. A
lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A
lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
< br>解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以，应该排除
CD
，再
就是应该是
Jenn
y
提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先
B.
———
，
we decided to
go out for a walk.
A. It is fine B. It
fine C. Being fine being fine
解析：主句主语<
/p>
we
与动词短语
be fine
之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以要加上自己的逻辑主语
It
，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选
C
项，
而应该选
D
项。
————
more attention, the
trees could have grown better.
A. Given
give D. Having giving
解析：
gi
ve
与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选
A.
< br>如为主动关系则选
C.
易出错的问题一般都是学生在学
习中对知识理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，应及时纠错和建立
“
错题
档案
”
，还应
“
借题发挥
”
，有意地把一些易错
题予以归类，找出错误根源，总结规律。
非谓语
====
不能做谓语的动词形式
1 Doing
主动
正在进行
eg. The man
standing there is my teacher.
2 being
done
被动
正在进行
eg.I think the book being written by
him will sell well.
3 having
done
主动
已经完成
只能做状语
eg. Having finished his
homework, he went out to play.
4 having
been done
被动
已经完成
只能做状语
eg Having been taken care
of well, the old man recovered soon.
5
done
被动
已经完成
fallen leaves(
这里表完成，不表被动
)
6
（
onlyjust
）
to do
主动
将来
7
to be
doing
主动
正在进行
8
to
be done
被动
将来
9
to have
done
主动
完成
10
（
to have
been
）
done
被动
完成
非谓语
Having done
所表达
的动作在谓语动作之前完成，一般放句首做状语。
非谓语
doing
所表达的动作发生和谓语动作几乎同时进行。
Having worked hard all day, I
went to bed early.
Having experienced
quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I
didn
’
t take much notice.
Having studied volcanoes now for many
years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well
as their potential to
cause great
damage.
Walking in the way
of back home, suddenly I saw a store covered with
smoke.
、
不定式表意料之外的结果，现在分词表自然而然的结果。
I hurried home, only to find nobody in.
His parents died early, leaving him
alone.
* only
to do
与
doing
作结果状语的用法
“ only
to do”
做结果状语表意料之外的结果，尤指不愉快的结果。
“
doing”
做结果状语表示必然结果与主句之间含有逻辑上的因果关系。
7
语法三
====
虚拟语气
（一）
if
虚拟
与现在相反
与过去相反
与将来相反
从句
be
→
were
do
→
did
Be
→
had been
do
→
had done
→
were;
do
→
did
to +V
原
do
主句
Would/should/c
ould/might+V
原
Would/should/could/might+have done/been
Would/should/could/might+V<
/p>
原
注：
1
、
if
I were you
→
Were I you
if I had finished it
→
Had I finished it
if it should rain
→
Should it rain
2
、句型
==(
要不是
)
I
f it were not for
…
. Would /should/could/might +do/be
=Were it not for
If it had
not been for.
…W
ould
/should/could/might +have done/been
Had
it not been for
If it were
not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
If it hadn
’
t been
for the expense, I would have gone to Italy.
I
’
ve
discovered I possess a large number of different
talents and skills that I never would have thought
were
within me had it not been for my
being open to trying new opportunities.
3
、
Without/but
for==(
要不是
)
Without you, I
wouldn
’
t have got full mark.
（二）
、
If only/Wis
h+
现在：
be
→
were
do
→
did
If only/Wish+
过去：
be
→
had been
do
→
had done
If only/Wish+
将来：
c
ould/should/would +do
As if/though
也适用
It seems as
if it is going to rain.
It seems as if
it were to rain.
注：
may you
+V
原
(
三
)
动
词
：
Insist/suggest/advise/recommend/propose/o
rder/command/demand/require/request
/desire
+(should)do
注：动
词对应的名词和句型也用（
should
）
do
表虚拟
suggestion /order/advice
It’s suggested/ordered that+
（四）
I
t’s
necessary/important/
vital
that…
(should) do
(
五
)
It’
s (high/about
)
time that…should do/did
8